The American Education System - 930 Words

Acceptance among teacher has been a key factor in successful or unsuccessful technology implementation. Historically, the structure of the American education system has been resistant to any kind of change (Collins Halverson, 2009). According to Blackwell, Lauricella, and Wartella (2014) teachers with more teaching experience have less favorable attitudes towards technology and use technology less often than teachers with less experience. Districts are making efforts to provide technology for students. The problem that McDermott and Murray (2000) found was despite access to technology, students and teachers were not using it. This could be attributed to many different factors. First, teachers’ attitudes towards technology, positive or negative, have a strong impact on whether or not they use the technology available. A descriptive study done by Mueller, Wood, Willoughby, Ross, and Specht (2008) supports this notion. The researchers surveyed in-service teachers who did and did not integrate computers in their classrooms. The goal was to identify the variables that best discriminated between these two groups. This study’s sample included 185 elementary teachers and 204 secondary teachers representing 94 elementary schools and 16 secondary schools. Each participant was asked to complete a survey. On the survey there were the following subcategories: computer integration, comfort with computers, computer use, computer training, attitudes towards computers,Show MoreRelatedThe American Education System Education1438 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Education System Education plays important role in society. It determines the final development of an adult’s personality. In today’s society most jobs require a University degree. To receive a University degree students need to rely on a good education system. Does America provide this? The American education system has relied on the grade point average system for a long time. The problem with this is there is not a universal GPA grade point system varying from course to course. This createsRead MoreAmerican Education System Of Education852 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to understand the American system of education and the how to cope with American students. To make foreign students understand and able to cope with the American higher education system, the author explains some assumption that is behind the education system. He noted that American higher education system has a connection with both the mechanical feature and the cultural beliefs, but not intellectual only as it is in many countries. People lacking knowledge of American culture may find it difficultRead MoreThe American Education System1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system is set up to create a clear division between the social classes. The quality of the education that children receive depends on whether they attend an elite school or urban schools. Elite schools are located in upper class neighborhoods. Students who attend elite schools receive high quality education. Demographically, the majority of students who attend elite schools are Caucasian. This does not necessarily have much to do with the skill level of the students who applyRead MoreThe For The American Education System1599 Words   |  7 Pagesis a student in the fall semester in Tyler Junior college. She is from India and still very new to the American Education System. English is not her first language, but she is extremely grateful going to college in America and having her childhood dream come true. After al l, her green card is still in process and she is unable to get a job or get any kind of funds to help her with her education. She has to pay for all her expenses out of her pocket, which is very difficult, given her current financialRead MoreThe American Education System1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe American education system, as we know it, has failed us, and more of our youth are becoming incarcerated at young ages. The educational system has taken a backseat when it comes to funding prisons; youths have chosen to live a life of crime, as education has become less substantial than money and resources allocated to prisons. Although television shows such as Lock Up or Lock Down expose the harsh realities of the wars that are ongoing in prison, the war on education has taken a substantialRead MoreThe American education system2584 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿The American education system requires that students complete 12 years of primary and secondary education prior to attending university or college.   Although admission policies vary from one university to the next, most determine admission based on several criteria, including a student s high school course of study, high school Grade Point Average (GPA), participation in extracurricular activities, SAT or ACT exam scores, a written essay, and possibly a personal interview. University studentsRead MoreThe American Education System1119 Words   |  4 PagesThe school calendar varies a little from state to state; but American grade school students are guaranteed 180 days no more, no less. Colleges and universities can operate on their own schedules. The list of holidays that students and their teachers enjoy range from Thanksgiving to Spring Break. In some locations, school holidays account for demographic diversity. For example, many school districts mandate holidays for Yom Kippur. Recently, Eid al-Fitr (the feast day at the end of Ramadan) was addedRead MoreImpact Of Education On The American Education System1671 Words   |  7 PagesEducation has overtime developed from an institution that lacked what was necessary to properly education men, women and children, to what is now a fairly decent system that prepares people from all across the world. For minorities, or underrepresented ethnic groups in America this is a different case. My focused are of research pertains to the history of education and how policies and the quality of it has transformed. While we have grown over the decades to provide education for all groups of peopleRead MoreThe Education System Of The American School System961 Words   |  4 Pagespractices, the U.S., once the biggest global force in education, has seen its dominance slowly slip out, and its educational status fall even lower than that of several third-world countries. The decline experienced in American school system academic achievement is not as a result of lack of funding, but as a consequence of the overall educational system watering down. According to Gatto, educating children through the existing public school system of America is crippling rather than helping them. FromRead MoreThe Education System And The American Educational System899 Words   |  4 PagesThat trip spurred my desire to teach in less fortunate countries once I finish college. Once of the most significant differences between the Ugandan educational system and the American educational system that I saw was that access to education was so limited in Uganda. In 1997 Uganda initiated what they called Universal Primary Education (UPE), which aims to decrease poverty by making primary (elementary) school free, there by more accessible to it s students. (Bategeka and Okurut, 2006). The problem

The Constitutionality of Hate Speech Essay - 3494 Words

In order to reduce the astonishing number of hate crimes in the United States, the Federal Government should restrict hate speech, and the expressions of hateful ideas, in all its forms, in all places, both public and private. However, it is imperative that hate speech be defined first. Contrary to some opinions, it is possible to accurately define hate speech, because hate speech does not actually have many elusive forms. Hate speech includes fighting words as defined in Chaplinsky vs. New Hampshire, and words that incite violence or aggression towards a specific group based on sex, sexual orientation, race, creed, or political orientation by the provision of information that is not valid against all members of the group. The wording†¦show more content†¦In order to resolve the issues of hate speech, one should address the necessary balance between personal liberties and public safety. However, some restrictions must be placed on hate speech, including the expression o f hateful ideas. It is imperative that hate speech is limited in some cases, such as those where it could pose a serious threat to the surrounding environment. The only way hate speech can be controlled is with strict guidelines and probable hate speech situations left up to a case-by-case basis. The Federal Government should restrict hate speech on all college campuses. This is due to a variety of reasons. Under the first point of analysis, one can observe that hate speech codes have a tendency to foster a more tolerant environment by teaching a difference between right and wrong (Sommers 1). Often times, college students do not realize the impact that their words may have on others (2). The problem is rarely identified in primary and secondary schools, and it worsens as the students approach the college level (1). Additionally, the problem of morally confused college students can inhibit education. This is especially true when words are integrated into speech that have a significant meaning to one person, but not another (Dalton 2). For example, many people use the word nigger profusely. However, too many of them do not realize that some words carry with them a history of malignant oppression (2). There are aShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Expression Under Charter Framework1643 Words   |  7 PagesAnother important Supreme Court case that examined the reasonable limits on freedom of expression is R v. Whatcott. The Whatcott ruling also challenged the jurisdictional issues of free speech. William Whatcott, a Christian activist who advocated strongly against homosexuality and same sex marriage. Whatcott distributed several flyers in Saskatchewan that discussed political, social and moral issues. Many of these flyers heavily denouncing homosexuality using strong offensive language denouncingRead MoreEssay on Hate Speech - Legal, but Unnecessary1376 Words   |  6 PagesHate Speech - Legal, but Unnecessary nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;While a clear and concise definition remains forthcoming, it is easier to establish what hate speech is not. Hate speech is wrong but legal in the United States of America mostly because we have the freedom of speech. But the First Amendment exists precisely to protect the most offensive and controversial speech from government suppression. In this case, people are allowed to use hate speech and not get arrested or any legal actionsRead MoreSpeech : The Freedom Of Speech Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States are privileged to the freedom of speech under the First Amendment, but the constitutional limits of the freedom of speech have been questioned on multiple occasions. Citizens of the United States have called upon the Supreme Court numerous times to interpret the meaning of the First Amendment, and the court has censored some forms of speech such as obscene speech --which has been prohibited--and indecent or pornographic speech--which has bee n regulated (Barrett, 1999). Public andRead MoreIssues and Intolerance of Sexual Minorities in Arizona1625 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships cannot receive the benefits and coverage that are now necessary for modern living. Both Maricopa and Pima counties voted to give benefits to domestic partners; the other 13 counties in Arizona are still using this law (www.hrc.org/issues/hate). HB 106, introduced by Republican Rep. Jeff Grocost, specified that marriage between two people of the same sex is illegal, and refused to recognize lawful marriages performed in other states. Initially blocked by substitution of general familyRead MoreRecent Political Advances in LGBT1741 Words   |  7 Pagesinstead transferred this responsibility to lower courts in California. Just a few decades ago, same-sex marriage was denied by the courts at both the local and federal level. In Baker v. Nelson, for example, the Minnesota Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of laws that limited marriage to two people of the opposite sex (Denniston, SCOTUS Blog). Dozens of other court cases after Baker v. Nelson faced similarly disappointing results, as this case became precedent for decades. The definition of marriageRead MoreDeconstruction Of Online Realities : Why They Censored And Western Philosophy Of Ethics1330 Words   |  6 PagesName: Date: Deconstruction of Online Realities: Why They Censored and Western Philosophy of Ethics in Regards to Freedom of Expression This essay will thoroughly discuss the censorship and fundamental rights to Canadian and American Freedom of Speech. Ethics is philosophy. The Greek philosopher Pluto whose discussion was of image and reality and the way his standpoint was related into triggering the long-running dispute between those who champion sense experience (called empiricists) or perceptionRead More Hate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision Essay example5764 Words   |  24 PagesHate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision The American Heritage Dictionary defines hate as intense dislike or animosity. However, defining hate as the basis for a crime is not as easy without possibly jeopardizing constitutional rights in the process. Hate crime laws generally add enhanced punishments to existing statues. A hate crime law seeks to treat a crime, if it can be demonstrated that the offense was a hate crime differently from the way it would be treated under ordinary criminalRead MoreShould Freedom of Speech Have Limits?2085 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Should Freedom of Speech have Limits? Why or Why Not? Introduction First Amendment protection of free speech has long been recognized to be essential to democratic governance, in part because social progress would stagnate without the free exchange of ideas between citizens. However, there are practical limits to what constitutes protected free speech and these limits have been codified into law by Congress and enforced by the federal courts. This essay will argue that the First Amendment isRead MoreFreedom of Speech in America and Its Limits Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesdemocratic nations in the world, the United States has had its own fair share of issues with hate speech. There has been a lot of controversy over whether hate speech should be regulated. In analyzing the concept of free speech, one cannot ignore that it does not occur in a vacuum. There have been all types of debasements ranging from ethnic, religious, racial and gendered stereotyping. Freedom of speech inherently includes all other fundamental human rights. Hence, as acknowled ged through naturalRead MoreSearch and Seizure in Public Schools Essay1932 Words   |  8 Pagespurpose of this paper is to discuss public school districts limits on hate speech and reconcile those limits with the decision in Tinker v. Des Moines. Importance to Education To avoid disturbance and disruption and to create and maintain a safe learning environment, public schools often adopt policies that forbid certain acts on the part of students. Included in many of these policies are prohibitions on hate speech. The opinion of the court in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) broadly stated

Curriculum as the Heart of Teaching free essay sample

Curriculum as the Heart of Teaching This day I have learned that teaching is a very humanistic profession, and compassion is the utmost feeling of understanding, and showing others you are concerned about them. A compassionate teacher models that characteristic to the students with her/his actions, and as a result students will be more open to understanding the world around them. During this session, I realized that curriculum is my guide to light to lead the learners to the essentials that they should learn. Through curriculum, I can know when to give them a certain lesson, when to let them have the test and exams. I can know when to give them practical evaluations. In it, I can evaluate my students and assess them into which level they have achieved, have been achieving and will be achieved. As a teachers I will therefore learn the new curriculum, this is the primary implication of an ever changing curriculum. This means, t will need to gain knowledge in the new parts of curriculum, in many cases. I will also need to attend sessions such as professional development or better yet, return to school if possible. Teachers may have to change the way they teach depending on how the curriculum is changed. A change in curriculum is a good thing because often times, it is changed to accommodate the learners\ changing needs and abilities. â€Å"Hashtag SIP for Today† For todays’ session, I have learned that SIP means School Improvement Plan. It contains the profile of the school and the community, problem and needs assessment, goals, objectives, standards and targets, implementing plan, communication and advocacy plan, documentation and reporting to stakeholders and signatories. I realized that being a school head is not easy. You have to plan something that will make your school better and one of this plan is the School Improvement Plan. In making School Improvement Plan, I realized that it must not only the school head alone will make the School Improvement Plan instead he/she must include all the members and all the possible involve in her/his school. It must not be a secret to the teachers and to the stakeholders. If someday I became a school head, I will make my school the best of all the best. I will take all this challenges just to make sure that I could improve my school. I will make my School Improvement Plan together with my teachers, I would involve the stakeholders and also the parents. I won’t let anyone to ruined the plan and make sure to implement the plan for the goodness of my school. I’ll be the one to make my SIP and I won’t let anyone to make this and pass it just for an compliance. â€Å"Leadership and Management; self-aware, integrity and self-care† Today’s topic was all about Leadership and Management. I have learned today that Effective management and leadership begins with being self-aware. This simply means that you need to work hard to intimately understand your strengths and weaknesses, model ways in which your values are congruent with your behavior, and develop a culture of respect for yourself and for others on your team. Consider also what integrity means to you as a manager or a leader and why it matters. Integrity has been defined and described in many ways, but there is one idea that has stuck with me: A person’s integrity is a matter of the value of his or her word, nothing more and nothing less. If you keep your word for every task, large or small, people will naturally trust you with more complex responsibilities. Finally, as a leader, pay attention to self-care. Taking care of your team starts with taking care of yourself. I realized that for a person to become a leader and a manager she or he must have self-awareness, integrity and self-care. These are the things that a person who wants to become a leader and manager should have. I have realized that being a leader is not easy. You have to know how to become a leader and a manager to your self before you could be a leader to your fellow members. A leader and manager should also know how take good care of her or his self before she could take good care the other. Someday if I become a leader, I will make sure that myself could be a good model to my fellow members and I wont let people think that I couldn’t be a leader because I couldn’t even take good care of my self and I couldn’t even have integrity in which a leader must always have. â€Å"Responsibilities of School Head† One of our topic for todays’ class is all about the responsibilities of School Heads. Today I learned that the Heads of School are appointed by, and are formally accountable to, the Board. The Head will exercise his/her authority in consultation with the School Executive, in consideration of a consensus of the School Committee, and with due delegation of responsibilities as appropriate. The Head of School is responsible for the effective general management of the School, for ensuring the provision of academic leadership and strategic vision, and for the quality of the student experience. I have realized during the discussion of Doctor Olga that a school head is responsible for everything in their school not just in the school but also to his or her teachers in their area. The school head would be the one to decide in every decision making in their school. I have realized also that a school head must have a lot of patience, school head also should be very optimistic for he or she should not let his/her follower see her/him being negative if there are some problems in their school. Therefore, a school head must be a role model to his/her teachers. My realization does not change my dream which is to become a school head someday. I enrolled Master Degree and finished it and enrolled again for a Ph.D because of this dream. I will be very positive to this dream that. I keep on dreaming about this not because of the salary but because I could see my self being a school head or let me rephrase it, I could see myself being a very good school head and a very helpful, optimistic and energetic school head. â€Å"8 qualities that makes a Leader Memorable† Todays’ topic was very interesting; we have talked about the 8 qualities that makes a leader memorable. I have learned that those 8 qualities are, 1) Authenticity The most authentic leaders are the most memorable. These are the leaders that don’t play games nor exercise power plays. 2) Shares Their Wisdom Memorable leaders are those who enjoy sharing their wisdom and secrets of success. These types of leaders are great teachers and are the best mentors. 3) Does What Others Don’t You know that you’ve worked with a lot of different types of leaders in your career when the personalities, styles and attitudes of leaders begin to recycle. 4) Embraces the Lessons of Failure. Leaders that allow you to learn from failure are those that are eager for you to grow and prosper. 5) Gives You Their Valuable Time. Time is a leader’s most precious asset. Everyone wants more time with them than they have available. The most memorable leaders give you the time that t hey don’t always have. 6) Creates Special Moments Memorable leaders create special moments. They are extremely well tuned to their employee’s needs, the culture and the tone of the organization 7) Makes You Feel Valued The leaders that are most grateful for your hard work and efforts will be the most memorable. 8) Leads to Leave a Legacy. Leaders that lead to leave a legacy are leading for the right reasons. Today I have realized that Leadership is all about people and leaders who forget this will be forgotten quickly. Being a leader is being a model. It is very important that you will leave good memories and feedback that bad one in time that you will leave your members. We cannot deny the fact that we are a leader today and tomorrow we will leave the position and it is very important to be memorable with your followers and you can be memorable if you will have the 8 qualities that I have mention above. We all know that even if you are the best person or shall I say the best leader a group could have, there will always be a person or a member who will try not to like you and even destroy your name to other members. It is a big fact now in every organization and despite of this, if I am the leader, I will not let anyone to ruin my name and I will make sure to have the 8 qualities I have mention. I will be very good leader. â€Å"Instructional Leader† Todays’ topic was all about â€Å"Instructional Leadership†. It says there that

Iodine Essays - Thyroid Disease, Thyroid, Iodine Deficiency, Iodine

Iodine Iodine is an essential macromineral. Almost half the iodine is found in the thyroid gland which is located in the throat. Iodine is an important component of thyroid hormones, which control energy, metabolism in the body as well as the body's temperature, reproduction, and growth. It is not found in the body so it is very important that you get about .15 mg. daily. Some foods such as vegetables, grains, table salt, dairy products, and especially seafood are the best sources of iodine. Breathing in sea air everyday will give you a sufficient amount of iodine to prevent a disease called goiter. There are two types of goiter: toxic and simple. Toxic goiter is caused by excess of thyroxin secretion. Symptoms may include rapid heart beat, tremor, increased sweating, increased appetite, weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. Other symptoms may include eye problems such as staring or protrusion. Goiter affects over 200 million people throughout the world. 96% is caused by iodine deficiency. Goiters are rare in the U.S. and other industrialized countries because iodine is now added to table salt. Iodine affects body functions too. Hair and nail growth are affected by iodine. The brain, skin, speech, teeth, energy production, metabolism, and physical & mental health development are dependent on a well-functioning thyroid gland. Deficiency symptoms include dry hair, goiter, intellectual disability, paused growth, irritability, nervousness, and obesity. If a pregnant woman takes iodine during pregnancy, the development of goiter will be decreased for both the mother and the child. Iodine is the most efficient treatment for children who have goiter. Iodine does have a down side to it, too. It is not toxic up to 2,000 mcg daily, but it may cause acne. Too much iodine is can link to thyroid cancer. Some people are sensitive to iodine and may break out in a rash if their iodine intake is excessive. The rash looks like a lot like acne. It disappears when the iodine intake is reduced. Most of the illnesses related to iodine occur on all continents and to people of all ages. People who mostly avoid dairy, seafood, processed food, and iodized salt can become deficient. Iodine deficiency can cause low thyroid function, goiter, cretinism. Some people who are overweight mistakenly blame their overweight condition on an under active thyroid gland. In the hopes of speeding up their metabolism, they may start taking a supplement or eating sea salt or seaweed. But in very large amounts, iodine can be poisonous. Iodine is used to treat cuts and scrapes on the skin. The human thyroid gland secretes an iodine-bearing hormone called thyroxin. The body needs iodine as an iodine deficiency causes thyroid trouble. Most table salt is now iodized to supplement the diet. As well, iodine is found in seafood. Iodine is only needed in trace amounts. A good source of this mineral is kelp. Iodine helps to metabolize excess fat and it is very important for both mental and physical health. Iodine deficiency in children can cause mental retardation. In adults iodine deficiency is related to fatigue, breast cancer, hypothyroidism or cretinism, and weight disorders. Chronic iodine toxicity results when the iodide intake is 20 times greater than the daily requirement. In some areas, particularly Japan, inhabitants consume as much as 50 to 80 mg a day, resulting in high plasma levels. Some of these people develop goiters. Increased uptake of iodine by the thyroid may lead to inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis and eventually causes iodide goiter or myxedema. At very high doses of iodide, a brassy taste, increased salivation, gastric irritation, and skin acne may occur. Iodine is the important component of thyroxine, the thyroid gland's hormone. If there is not enough iodine in the diet, there is insufficient thyroxine, and the pituitary gland responds by releasing more thyroid-stimulating hormone. This causes enlargement of the thyroid gland. However, a goiter may also be caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland or by overactivity of the thyroid gland itself. Other causes include reduced activity of the thyroid gland, so that the gland swells in order to produce more thyroxine. Some types of drugs can produce a goiter. During adolescence or pregnancy, a goiter may appear as the thyroid gland copes with the body's need for more thyroxine. Sometimes a goiter is caused by a tumor on the thyroid gland. Bibliography www.juno.com

The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members Example

The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members Example The Westboro Baptist Church And Its Members – Article Example Bharti Airtel Limited Organizational structure Headquartered in New Delhi, India and presently extending in over 20 s globally, Bharti Airtel Limited assumes a Matrix form of organizational structure (Airtel, 2014). This encompasses integration of both divisional and functional structures such that it appears as a grid enabling command to flow vertically as well as horizontally. However, due to current unpredictability of global economy as well as stiff competition posed by similar players in telecommunications field, this firm’s policy makers have over the years since its inception kept on changing until to the present state. This is evident both in 2011 and 2013 whereby it adjusted its structure to ensure adequate and quick growth of its consumer business (Airtel, 2014). In addition, it was a strategy to evade severe and unfavorable competition more so in areas, which Bharti Airtel has dominated like S. Asia and India. This also was to aid in devising ways on how to penetrat e other dominated regional markets by their competitors, for instance, in Kenya where Safaricom to date almost monopolizes the entire market (Airtel, 2014). Almost in all departments comprising the entire structure, the heads are directors specializing in a certain given operation. Then these directors or CEOs other than the main one there are similar professionals working under them having similar experience and skills meant to execute their core and respective functions. This is evident as shown in chart below. In the quest to further its growth agenda, Bharti Airtel recently i.e. on 5Th February 2014 came up with a more decentralized strategy that touched on its organizational structure. This was to ensure Airtel across Africa will be in a position to keep up with stiff competition by putting all the operating states into four clustered Strategic Business Units (SBUs) (Airtel, 2014). These were to report to the MD as well as CEO as from 1st April 2014. For instance, one of this clustered Strategic Business Units (SBUs) encompass that of Zambia, Congo B, Malawi, Burkina, Niger, Chad, Madagascar as well as Seychelles represented by Mr. VG Somasekha (Airtel, 2014). As per recent studies dated 1st quarter of 2013, Airtel operates in 17 African states having a clientele pool of 63.7 million customers. References(2014). â€Å"Bharti airtel limited – Organization structure (India and South Asia).† Airtel. Retrieved from

Free Essays on BMG

Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern... Free Essays on BMG Free Essays on BMG Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern...

Financial resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Financial resources management - Essay Example When all information regarding the financial and functional activities is informed to the shareholders and stakeholders, no issues of corporate governance are generally seen (Attenhauser, 2008). Separation between the management and the ownership gives rise to the agency theory. The corporate governance codes are needed to realize whether the directors are on the right track for maximizing returns of the shareholders. They are also entrusted by the owners to ensure that the level of risk is maintained reasonably; this prevents the company from becoming too dominant. Corporate governance should be elaborated as the best practice whereby a company is administered and controlled. This includes association between the various stakeholders of a company like, shareholders, management, employees, suppliers and regulators. The main goal of corporate governance is to deal with the issues that are related to accountability and duties of the company. These advocate certain guidelines assuring the shareholders that their rights are protected as well as provides with a message to the community that corporate social responsibility protects the environment in an effective manner (Mallin, 2011). It is observed that corporate governance had evolved in United Kingdom (UK) slowly and had responded to external events, besides increasing the demand for accountability in the different sectors of the economy. There were various reports that were issued since 1992, which were nothing, but a result of the emergence of corporate governance in UK. It elaborated codes for the best practices, which constituted the Financial Reporting Council’s (FRC) Combined Code on Corporate Governance, 2003. The codes were amended in 2006 and 2008 and were subject to review in 2009 (BBC Business, 2007). In UK, corporate governance is regarded as principle-based or voluntary approach and not a mandatory one. It is principle based, rather than

How to Use your Facebook Homepage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Use your Facebook Homepage - Assignment Example Add friends-before beginning the process of creating your profile, Facebook will make a suggestion of individuals you would want to add as friends. If you do not recognize any of them, you can skip the step and proceed to the next. You will then be asked whether you want to scan your email accounts for other recognizable users. If you like you can also leave out this step and add friends via Facebook itself. 6. Verifying your account on completion of the account creation process, a newsfeed will appear at the top of the page. Then you have a view of a message notification that an activation email has actually been sent to the email address you signed up with. 7. Finish up filling the rest of the profile-click the link on ‘Edit profile’ that is below your picture in the top-left corner. You can add the information you want to share. Some of the profile options consist of the following: relationship status, hometown, current home, favorite quotes, religious views, and political views. 8. You can also set the privacy options for each piece of information added above on the profile. This is done by clicking the privacy button on the top right corner. This tool permits you to select the individuals to view what you have shared. You can choose to share with friends, the public or a specific group of people (Schenk).

Imperial Rome Essay Example for Free

Imperial Rome Essay More than a thousand years ago, most of the civilized world was ruled by Rome, and the Roman Empires reach extended over hundreds of countries and cultures. It was one of the greatest empires that ever existed in the world. Its influence reached as far as Britain, Persia, and even Africa. During the life of the Empire, great achievements were conjured and its mark was immortalized in the annals of history. The Roman Empire built the foundation by which western civilization (as we know it today) was created. It produced many great and influential people, and as a super power, it was the keeper of order and stability in the tumultuous, early days of Rome. Laws and government systems that were conceptualized and enacted during this time stands as the basis for modern forms of governance, particularly that of democracy. Numerous modern languages can trace their roots from its lingua franca. While now a dead and dormant language, Latin is the language on which many etymologies are based. The empire has also given us Christianity, a religion that has significantly shaped world history and interconnected a myriad of cultures. This paper delves into the historical pieces, people, and events that make up Rome as a great empire, their influence, and how they affected the fate of the Empire and its people. The Twelve Tables as the basis for Roman Law The Twelve Tables, also known as Lex Duodecim Tabularum, were drafted in the mid-fifth century BC as the set of governing laws for the Roman Republic in its early days. Those times where ridden with great political and social struggles, so the drafting of laws that addressed their issues was a necessity. The legislation stood as the very foundation of Roman law. The Romans legal attitude and the mos maiorum, which are unwritten societal norms, conduct, or cultural tradition, are based on this system. By modern standards, some of its provisions can be considered barbaric, but it was by its principles that all Western legislation was later founded on. Though Romans realized that philosophy was not one of their strongest attributes, they took pride in their system of governance and legislation. The Tables established the basic principle of the legal code. This law, then, was solely based on interpretation, and the Tables, providing a concise resolution, transformed the legal system. A complete account of the Tables did not survive to modern times. What we have now are quotations and excepts from the original. Many were culled from the works of writers such as Cicero and Aulus Gellius. The Roman Conquest in the Punic Wars The Carthaginians, hailing from Phoenicia, were called â€Å"Poeni†, thus the term â€Å"Punic. † The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage during the second and third century BC. There were three wars, the first one starting out because of a disintegration of the parties formerly good alliance. Before any rift could form, Rome and Carthage originally signed a treaty against a common enemy, Epirus. Territorial tensions and broken agreements eventually led to the first Punic War. Even though both sides did not originally have conflicting interests, the war lasted more than 20 years. In their final battle, the Romans scored a decisive victory. This set the direction of conquest that the Roman Empire took over the course of its history. Republic vs. Empire At first, a republic system suited Rome as a small city; the constitution and government was suited for its values and social structure. This Republic shaped the laws and systems by which Rome emerged as the worlds capital. However, as their might and influence began to grow, the people preferred the rule of an Emperor instead to that of the Republic, and one of the main conflicts in the Republic was brought about by class differences. Wealth was not equally distributed, and this caused a great social unrest to the lower classes. Cicero: One of Romes Most Influential Figures Cicero, also known as Marcus Tullius Cicero, is considered as the greatest Latin orator. His prose is considered prolific and is widely read, most of which deal with politics. In the ancient world, he is considered an influential philosopher. He lived in the time when the Roman Empire was starting to crumble, and being an actor, he took part in many performances depicting the political events of that period. Constantine and the Rise of Christianity in the Byzantine Era Constantine, also known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Augustus (to his troops), is one of the greatest rulers of the increasingly growing Roman Empire. He is famous for founding Constantinople (also Byzantium) as Romes new capital. One of his most influential acts is the Edict of Milan, a decree that legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. This earned him the title as the â€Å"First Christian Emperor,† and is considered as one of the most significant factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in the whole world. The the Greek-speaking, Constantinople-based Roman Empire is commonly referred to as the Byzantine Empire (also the Eastern Roman Empire). The Byzantine Era was characterized by the rise of Christianity as the common faith (as opposed to paganism). Aside from the growing religious transformation, the direction towards Hellenization, or a transformation towards a culturally and philosophically Greek-oriented society, was also underway. Spartacus and Slave Revolt There were several major slave revolts during the Roman times, the most notable of which was that of Spartacus in 73-71 BC. This was considered as the greatest of all slave revolts in the Empires history, but modern historians have not reached a consensus as to Spartacus reasons for leading it. Spartacus was trained as a gladiator, and some theorize that he despised battling in an arena for Roman entertainment, thus his rebellion. He led revolts all over Italy, the center of the uprising being in Campania, in southern Italy . Thousands of slaves escaped from their masters to join him in his plight, and it took a kings army to put a stop to this. The Barbarians and the Fall of the Empire Historians have attributed the fall of the Roman Empire to the Barbarians, which were either of Germanic or British origins. During the third century, the empire experienced a great economic and political crises. Germanic tribes sacked the Western Empire, which they were not prepared to withstand. The constant barbarian assaults, civil unrest, and rising costs of living contributed to the Empires inevitable demise. Bibliography Baker, G. P. (1930). Constantine the Great and the Christian Revolution 1930. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing. Cornell, T. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (Circa 1,000 to 264 B. C. ). London: Routledge.

Mediation

Mediation Mediation within a Cultural Perspective Introduction In order to better understand ourselves, we must understand others. These few words shed a different lens when dealing with differences between citizens in a community. The Alternative Discourse Resolution (ADR) movement was born during the 1960-1970 as a substitute process to serve justice outside of the courts. During this era issues of race, class, gender, social inequality, and human rights began a transformative discourse in society. The movement provided a different lens on the realties occurring in American culture. Many communities felt disempowered and unequal within the United States and insisted justice. The legal court system was stumbled with various court cases, each demanding a place to express their voice to reach impartiality. Therefore, ADR served as a tool that empowers and serves fairness without legal ties. It developed as a reflective process and began negotiating differences. The ADR was a cost efficient process that allowed disputants to voice their stories in a safe environment with the purpose of reaching an agreement through a mediator. The mediator then serves as a neutral third person in the process and common ground between the disputants. Compared to other forms of conflict resolution, mediation involves the disputants directly in the conflict and in the process of resolution (Frenkel Stark, 2008). As a result, mediation seeks self-determination, impartiality, and neutrality as the essential foundation in the practice so that inequalities are avoided in the process. In the article Why inequalities? The authors begin discussing stratification between various ethnic groups and the inequalities that constrain a variety of minorities within a historical context. Issues of intelligence and policies rise to the conclusion on how inequalities are not part of nature or by the economic regimen but of due to the historical injustices such as policys put in place that have continued to take part in acts of injustice. (Shapiro 2004). Taking this idea into perspective, diversity will arise in mediation and the importance of fairness and equality are imperative, and mediators, who are not culturally sensitive, may have biases or misunderstanding of the conflict. What are the cultural disparities that can affect the process of mediation? What are the strategies being used to help bridge the gap between cultural differences within a Western mediation process? How does the United States differ in the mediation process to international mediation? The purpose of this paper is to provide a different and fresh awareness on mediation, especially when cultural differences are at the core of the conflict. The researcher first considers that culture is significant in this discussion of mediation and central to understanding the best methods of effective mediation. ADR and mediation will be used interchangeably through out the paper Culture Culture can be defined in many different ways. For this reason, culture will be defined and described as: â€Å"[the composition of different norms, values, and beliefs for socially appropriate ways to â€Å"process† conflict and disputes, including their management or resolution (Avruch and Black 1991). A culture is not defined by one entity but can take many shapes and forms. It goes beyond the ability to identify on the surface of how someone looks, dresses and participates in society; it is the complexity of ideals and values instilled within a persona. â€Å"Our culture shapes how we approach conflict and conflict resolution- including our values, norms and conduct. It even influences how we define conflict itself and what we considered acceptable or desirable goals of problem solving† (Chew, 2004 p. 2). As a result, in mediation, misconceptions can be eluded and the mediator or the disputant shifts the power dynamics. The culture of a person can be the based off of beliefs that they bring when in a situation of dispute. By allowing the disputants to have charge in their decision-making, this will empower them and allow the disputant to participate in self-determination, but at the same time it may be dangerous when inequalities of power exist in the process (Davidheiser, 2006). Consequently, this leads to unfairness and misconceptions of mediation as a neutral sphere of negotiation. Inclusion or Exclusion of Culture in Mediation Many researchers argue for or against including culture in mediation. Kevin Avruch (2003) discusses how culture has been neglected through out mediation until the early 1980s. He also feels it is crucial for any developing mediation program to incorporate a cultural component in the training process. Mediators must understand that culture can be strongly correlated to the style of negotiation. Avruch (2003) then speaks about Type 1 and Type 2 Errors. He further discusses that each error can be crucial to the conflict resolution process by being to culturally sensitive (Type 1) or not culturally sensitive enough (Type 2). Participating in any of these errors can impact ADR because it may neglect or over emphasize an issue that intentionally was not meant or should have been exposed in mediation. Frenkel Stark have emphasized four essential skills needed by mediation to maintain balance such as communication, established climate, diagnosticians and persuasive. These four skills will create an equilibrium that is necessary to begin mediation. Although the mediation environment and mediator are balanced in power, the cultural background of the disputant will proceed as a natural component in the circle to negotiation. â€Å"However it can be socially beneficial by generating awareness of structures of power and producing frameworks within which to debate social norms by individual everyday acts of resistance which illustrate the ways in which relatively powerless people accommodate to power whilst simultaneously protecting their identities† (Mulcahy, 2000, p.147 as cited in Li On, 2008,p. 458). Meanwhile Chew (2004) states every disputant is influenced by their cultural lens and frame their ideas and perceptions around, what is culturally correct. As a result, it can shape the outcome of the ADR process because at the core of the conflict is influenced by the values and morals attached to culture by a person. Russell Korobkin would argue that mediation is a process of negotiating, and those cultural differences do not have anything in common with the negotiation strategies of a person. Therefore, Korobkin believes that it is the separation of the person from the problem that mediation and negotiation truly exists. Furthermore, Avruch would disagree and state culture provides cognitive and emotional frameworks for understanding the actions and motives of the self and others. It has been disputed for years, and the research continues to dwindle in circles. Consequently, culture should not be over or underplayed. Mediators have the responsibility to listen to each individuals voice and be able to identify if cultural difference will be an issue to reach negotiation. The space for each individual to share his or her narrative discourse allots an empowerment process that transits power to the individual. The Power of Culture in Mediation Foucault (1982) states where there is power, there is counter power also occurring. The ideas of power transmitting in mediation are crucial in understanding the facilitative process of a mediator. Therefore, their role is not only to be in charge of the process but to also allow the parties control the outcome. By the mediator controlling the process, transmission of powers can circulate in mediation. As a result, some of the conflicts and counter arguments discussed in mediation are how disadvantaged groups lack control in mediation, due to the power being brought in by the disputant. For example, an underprivileged undocumented person may walk in with less power than a person who is â€Å"American†, wealthy, and entering mediation with a lawyer. Cultural differences of respect, conflict, and language can set barriers in the process of negotiation. The power is not equally distributed across the board. Therefore, the mediator is in charge of providing the space for opportuni ties and to develop a solid communication. Mediators need to be able to diagnose if cultural difference will change the flow of mediation. The article Family Mediations and Cultural Diversity: Mediating with Latino Families discusses how the mediator can identify differences in aggressiveness, eye contact and face-saving. Cultural difference in mediation reminds me of both power and powerless participating in a transformative space during mediation; what Kris D. Gutierrez, Patricia Baquedano-Lopez and Carlos Tejeda call a constructed â€Å"third space.† The third space allows for dialogue to occur to develop knowledge in a dual voice form to construct cultural resources. The space will allow for transformation and discourse to occur. As a consequence, dialogue will begin to open doors for negotiation and develop common ground between the disputants. The process becomes a transformative space for empowerment. Paulo Freire examines the structural inequalities in society and emphasizes on the importance of dialogue between oppressed and oppressor to advance towards a humanizing pedagogy. Once dialogue is exposed dif ferences between both groups are understood. Mediation becomes a humanizing experience to transport dialogue and discuss conflicts between disputants and reach an understanding. Mark DavidHeiser (2006) articulated the importance of mediation and power imbalances that occur by using Gambia, a small country west of Africa, and explains how mediation has allowed for women to be empowered and given a voice to speak. Mediation was labeled a harmonic process where peace and respect for both parties was the central focus. Harmony ceremonies occur when ideologies between men and women are supported through a peaceful ceremony and issues of justice between male and women are shared and through various prayers rights and the need for justice between the couples are discussed. In many cases the women spoke out in front of their husbands about how they felt about their relationships. Mediation became a space that empowers women to leave their society role and be given a â€Å"voice†. The voice that allows their partners to realize the injustice occurring in their communities and at the same time helps renegotiate the power within the environment of mediation. In parallel, the article An Indigenous Imperative supports the argument of power because many indigenous groups like the Australian Aboriginal communities and the Navajo tribe to feel disconnected forms society norms and the structure of med iation. For that sole purpose having knowledge of cultural sensitivity as mediator will help dismantle power imbalances and allow for the voice of the individual to occur. By participating in a â€Å"third space† empowerment that occurs for those whose views, values and beliefs go against the Western views of individuality, a collaborative mediation is developed that values inclusion. Individuality vs. Community Mediation ideologies vary in different cultures. Providing mediation is not a single process embraced by all. Mediation across the world various and is used for various purposes. Discussing the topic of culture, it is important to mention the sense of community many cultures have and how in American culture, which is an individualistic community may clash in ideologies. Authors Glenn E. Singleton and Curtis Linton discuss in their book titled Courageous Conversations about Race, The differences of individualism vs. collectivism in the U.S. although a myriad of examples were provided, the differences between a self-expression vs. respect for authority. Developed connections to the various cultures exposed who respect a group consensus over individual thinking. This key component of culture gives insight on cultures group orientation strategy and the role it plays n mediation various studies have been conducted to camper U.S Mediation strategies to other countries. In one particular s tudy it was compared to Korean- Harmony ceremony. The Author Diane LeReche (1992) discovered that Korean mediators have a crucial and interconnected role in mediation. In many cases they provide advice and are personally connected to the disputant. They become knowledge consults who can provide guidance and reach harmony. In a very similar process, The Navajo tribe are an example of how their culture, language and traditions have influenced their way of managing conflicts. Their views on life have molded their outlook when dealing conflict resolution. Philmer Bluehouse and James W. Zion explain how the Navajo people have a deeper meaning to mediation by using strong community leaders to refocus the members to their state of reaching harmony within themselves. Through the Peacemaker court, the Navajo enforce two main laws (Bluehouse Zion, 1993 ). The laws incorporate life skills such as cooperation, friendship and unselfishness for the betterment of the community. Unlike American med iation where a third member is facilitating the communication, the peacemaker is completely involved in the process and gives advice and possible solutions to help resolve the conflict and maintain the relationship between the individuals when possible. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and the person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. The individuals respect the peacemaker and absorb all advice given because it is a cultural norm and the person assigned, as peacemaker is an elder highly appreciated. Then it is the cultural lens is applied to what the needs of the community are and its members. In the Navajo clan, maintaining relationships is important and valued. Therefore, in mediation, the process becomes a medicine and is guided through a ceremonial process intended to diagnose the problem. Mediation is used to resolve conflict resolution and how the process is obtained varies in various cultural communities. Embracing community unity is significant also. In Japan community represents whole no individuality. Everything exerted is for the benefit of the community. Therefore, it is a community responsibility to participate in mediation and avoid the court unless mediation fails. In which then it represents the individuals accepting personal failure. While community unity is important as a way of life, it is also established as a community norm where the court only exists as a process for those community members who failed to participate in mediation. It is a process not embraced as an option or an alternative to legal dispute. Mediation must occur as a community duty to help maintain relations with others (Callister,Wall1997). When member of a disputants participate in community mediation, it enhances the human achievement and needs of belonging in a society without feel ing excluded (Schwerin, 1995). In Eastern Europe, community mediation is viewed as a transfer of power from an authoritative structure to a democratic ideology. Community mediation can be a powerful tool if the correct tools are used to execute the process. Western vs. Community Mediation is vividly viewed across internationally in all mediation. The differences between peacemakers and mediators distinguish the role of respect between members in the community. In Western mediations, a mediator is a facilitative person not representing any party in the process. In contrast, a peacemaker is a most commonly a relative. It builds on the unity of a community, rather then the self most commonly seen in western mediation. The process also establishes the importance of relation in relative to the essence of time. In community mediation, relationships are important for the benefit of maintaining relationships in society. In Western mediation, mediation means money. Therefore, the process is not about the relationships but of tackling the problem. The problem is detached from the person and singled out to discuss the conflict. Although the purpose of mediation is to find a common space, cultural inequalities will continue to stand out as an issu e in mediation. American culture establishes the principles for all interracial group interactions (Singleton Linton, 2006). Hence why culture continues to have â€Å"differences† in mediation. Just because other cultures do not have the same individualistic mentality and way of living does not conclude there are problems in mediation. Consequently they become differences in ADR because they do not constitute the norms, and routines of the individual. Cultural Differences in Mediation Perception Perceptions Understanding perceptions can expand the range of possible solutions. In the book, Getting to YES, The authors explain the importance of detaching the individual from the problem in order to better grasp the conflict. One of the key components in being able to do is by clarifying the perception of the disputants. Understanding perceptions can expand the range of possible solutions. Without identifying the perceptions, assumptions are made. Those assumptions developed, take part on the negotiation process. Every person carries different assumptions. While some may feel to restore connections others are there to voice justice. Trust In this process, trust is important. Without the trust between the mediator and the disputant, reaching negotiation is complicated. In the article Trust and other-Anxiety in Negotiation: Dynamics Across Boundaries of Self and Culture, the authors argue trust is a hidden feature rarely exposed in the negotiation process but is present through tension. High and low layers of trust will expose the communication between the disputants. Communication is the goal of mediation trust can be expanded by allowing the individual to feel comfortable in their environment and begin exposing the trust.† It is dynamic rather than static in quality, if not downright fluid.† (Wu Laws, 2003,p. 329). Face expulsion In Hawaii the majority of its people consist of Asian descent. The â€Å"face† concept discussed in this article as a form of self-respect and can affect the process of mediation. In Hawaii, mediation occurs very procedural. The mediators first lay the rules for mediation, and then the mediators consult with each disputant separately twice. Once voices are heard and mediators understand the situations of both disputants mediation occurs as with both disputants. This process has been successful in Hawaii in dealing with cultural differences. According to the authors, face also exists as culturally acquired social phenomena. Facial expression can originate from nature or form nurture. The Asian community has a variety of perspectives of face and how it is define is very similar within cultures. The author then recognizes Ting-Toomey face work theory and the study he conducted with Asian cultures and American culture. â€Å"Face displays not only an individuals features and uniq ueness but also that persons sense of social identity, by using metaphorical expressions†(Ogawa 1999 p.5) Depending on what culture you are from the concept of face develops and carries a natural instinct of ones persona. Face work is important to recognize because it may lead into communication dialogue. The dialogue is intended to create awareness of cultural differences and value mediation in a different way. Face concept plays a role in our communication strategies everyday. Every person quickly get diagnose the face expression of a person. Face concept is important to understand in cultural diverse communities because it allows to lower the tension between disputes and allows the mediator t understand how face is a part of an embedded culture. Mediators who understand the importance of face, will better understand the communication process of members from various cultures Tools for Cross Cultural Issues Researchers across the literature have provided various tools to help with creating equity n mediation. Culture is something deeply rooted with an Individual. In order to be able to understand the perspective of the individual reflection must be incorporated. Mediators should follow various strategies to help create a safe environment within mediation. Some of the important tools to use are Reframing. Frenkel and Stark mentions how a simple reframing of a statement by the mediator can reduce disputes and embrace positive information. If the mediator is aware of the strategy can be constructive when racial or negative tension exist between disputants. Furthermore the authors gave example on focusing on the human needs in mediation. What are the needs of the disputant? By doing so, mediation becomes a productive environment. Next Active listening, listening allows the individual to feel empowered and valued in the process. y actively listing, the participants begin to communicate the core of the problem. It is crucial for the mediator to balance and transmit he power of voice to both side in mediation. By neglecting or preferring one over the other can cause conflict in the negotiation process. Also mediators as mention by Frenkel and Starkstate mediators should continuously summarize. By summarizing you are assuring you understand the narrative story of each disputant and it avoids for assumptions to be made. Above all, I feel each individual should be valued for who they are. Everybody is unique and differences should be embraced and not singled out, as a conflict in mediation is a space to help conquer differences and establish common ground to help problem solve through collaboration. Mediation from the start! Education and Mediation Timothy Hedeen, author of Dialogue and Democracy, community and Capacity: Lessons for conflict Resolution Education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire, expresses the importance for cultural mediation to begin at a young age. He uses the work of three huge contributors in education to help establish a dimension for conflict resolution in education. The purpose is to empower the students and to begin participating in their own self-determination process. The process becomes almost a way of living. Taking key models from the leading researchers in education, learning bout conflict becomes a group effort and a learning process. The process also allows for children to begin critically thinking and taking charge of their own voice. The process will establish end result of participants in society as problem solvers. Critically thinking about this process, can leads me to think on the transformative change that can occur in society. By establishing norms at a young age on the importance of solving our own problems, mediation would be conducted at a personal level. At the same time, children will also participate in constant dialogue with reflection and understand the viewpoints of other while in conflict. In conclusion, society has established inequities amongst various cultural groups. Mediation has expressed through out the research differs across the world. Mediators must learn to use key tools to be able and to conduct a space for any individual to feel comfortable and valued in dialogue. Establishing norms of how to deal with conflict resolution at a young age will help establish a community of critical and problem solving thinkers. References Adair, W. L., Brett, J. M. (2005). The Negotiation Dance: Time, Culture, and Behavioral Sequences in Negotiation. Organization Science, 16(1), 33-51. Avruch, K. (2000). Culture and Negotiation Pedagogy. Negotiation Journal, 0, 339-346. Avruch, K. (2003). Type 1 and Type 2 Errors in Culturally Sensitive Conflict Resolution Practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(3), 351-371. Bluehouse, P., Zion, J. W. (1993). Hozhooji Naaaanii: The Navajo Justice and Harmony Ceremony. Mediation Quarterly, 10(4), 327-337. Brigg, M. (2003). Mediation, Power, and Cultural Difference. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 20(3), 287-306. Callister, R. R., Wall Jr., J. A. (1997). Japanese Community and Organizational Mediation. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(2), 311-327. Callister, R. R., Wall Jr., J. A. (2004). Thai and U.S Mediation. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(4), 573-598. Chew, P. K. (2004). The Pervasiveness of Culture in Conflict. Journal of Legal Education, 54(1), 1-23. Cobb, S. (1993). Empowerment and Mediation. Negotiation Journal, 0, 245-259. Davidheiser, M. (2006). Harmony, Peacemaking and Power: Controlling Process and African Mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(3), 281-299. Fisher, R., Ury, W. L., Patton, B. (1991). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (2 Reprint ed.). Boston: Penguin (Non-Classics). Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed (15th ed.). New York: Seabury Press. Frenkel, D. N., Stark, J. H. (2008). The Practice of Mediation: A Video-integrated Text (Pap/DVD ed.). Baltimore: Aspen Publishers, Inc.. Gil, S. P. (1999). Mediation and Communication of Information in the Cultural Interface. AI SOCIETY, 13, 218-234. Gilhooley, J., Scheuch, N. (2000). Using Peer Mediation in Classrooms and Schools: Strategies for Teachers, Counselors, and Administrators (1 ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Goldberg, R. M. (2009). How Our Worldviews Shape Our practice. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 405-431. Grose, P. R. (1995). An Indigenous Imperative: The Rationale for the Recognition of Aboriginal Dispute Resolution Mechanism. Mediation Quarterly, 12(4), 327-338. Hedeen, T. (2005). Dialogue and Democracy, Community and Capacity: Lessons for Conflict Resolution Education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(2), 185-202. Irving, H. H., Benjamin, M., San-Pedro, J. (1999). Family Mediation and Cultural Diversity: Mediating with Latino Families. Mediation Quarterly, 16(4), 325-339. LeResche, D. (1992). Comparison of the American Mediation Process with a Korean-American Harmony Restoration. Mediation Quarterly, 9(4), 323-339. Leng, R. J., Raegan, P. M. (2003). Social and Political Cultural Effects on the Outcomes of Mediaiton in militarized Interstate Disputes. International Studies Quarterly, 47, 431-452. Li-On, L. (2009). The Politics of Community mediation: A Study of Community Mediation in Israel. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 453-479. Linton, C., Singleton, G. E. (2005). Courageous Conversations About Race: A Field Guide for Achieving Equity in Schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Ogawa, N. (1999). The Concept of Face work: Its Functions in the Hawaii Model of Mediation . Mediation Quarterly, 17(1), 5-20. Poitras, J. (2009). What Makes Parties Trust Mediaitors?. Negotiation Journal, 10, 307-325. Shapiro, T. (2004). Great Divides: Readings in Social Inequality in the United States (3 ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. Soon, J. J. (1990). Some Guidelines for Mediators of Intercultural Disputes. Negotiation Journal, 0, 383-389. Umbreit, M. S. (1997). Humanistic Mediation: A Transformative Journey of Peacemaking . Mediation Quarterly, 14(3), 201-213. Wing, L. (2009). Mediation and Inequality Reconsidered: Bringing the Discussion to the Table. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 26(4), 383-404. Winslade, J. (2006). Mediation with a focus on Discursive Positioning . Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(4), 501-514. Wu, J., Laws, D. (2003). Trust and Other Anxiety in Negotiaiton Dynamic Across boundaries of Self and Culture. Negotiation Journal, 0, 329-367.

Mikume

TITANIUM EXTRACTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1. TiO2+Cl2—————–TiCl4+O2 2. Why is an atmosphere of argon used for this reaction ? The titanium (iv) chloride is added to a reactor in which very pure sodium has been heated to about 5500c -everything being under an innert argon atmosphere. During this reaction the temperature increases to about 10000 c . The reaction is carried out in an argon atmosphere to prevent magnessium and sodium from reacting with oxygen in the air. 3. Another gas used instead of argon. ny of the elements in group O of the periodic table including helium ,neon,krypton,xenon,and radon which are monoatomic and with limited excemptions chemically innert. 4. Why titanium is an expensive metal Titanium is very expensive because it is akward to extract from ore -for example rutile,TiO2 . You cannot use carbon reduction Titanium can not be extracted by reducing the ore using carbon as a cheap reducing agent. The problem is that titanium for ms a carbide TiC,if it is heated with carbon,so you dont get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide makes the metal very brittle.That means that you have to use an alternative reducing agent. In the case of titanium,the reducing agent is either sodium or magnessium. Both of these would ofcoarse first have to be extracted from their ores by expensive processes. 5. The atom economy of the process used to extract titanium. Total mass of reactants =212g Total mass of desired product=22g Atom economy=mass of desired product *100% total mass of reactants 22*100 =10. 774 212 The total economy of the Kroll process is 10. 3774 . 6. The atom economy will be lower since it was carried out in an ideal situationwhere all factors are constant and there is no external interference but in real situation extal forces like heat loss,temparature,impurities will affect the system hence a lower value Mikume TITANIUM EXTRACTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1. TiO2+Cl2—————–TiCl4+O2 2. Why is an atmosphere of argon used for this reaction ? The titanium (iv) chloride is added to a reactor in which very pure sodium has been heated to about 5500c -everything being under an innert argon atmosphere. During this reaction the temperature increases to about 10000 c . The reaction is carried out in an argon atmosphere to prevent magnessium and sodium from reacting with oxygen in the air. 3. Another gas used instead of argon. ny of the elements in group O of the periodic table including helium ,neon,krypton,xenon,and radon which are monoatomic and with limited excemptions chemically innert. 4. Why titanium is an expensive metal Titanium is very expensive because it is akward to extract from ore -for example rutile,TiO2 . You cannot use carbon reduction Titanium can not be extracted by reducing the ore using carbon as a cheap reducing agent. The problem is that titanium for ms a carbide TiC,if it is heated with carbon,so you dont get the pure metal that you need. The presence of the carbide makes the metal very brittle.That means that you have to use an alternative reducing agent. In the case of titanium,the reducing agent is either sodium or magnessium. Both of these would ofcoarse first have to be extracted from their ores by expensive processes. 5. The atom economy of the process used to extract titanium. Total mass of reactants =212g Total mass of desired product=22g Atom economy=mass of desired product *100% total mass of reactants 22*100 =10. 774 212 The total economy of the Kroll process is 10. 3774 . 6. The atom economy will be lower since it was carried out in an ideal situationwhere all factors are constant and there is no external interference but in real situation extal forces like heat loss,temparature,impurities will affect the system hence a lower value

A Passage to India Essay

In E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India, identities and the labels placed on identities create a vicious environment in which little can be achieved. The English colonists and their Indian subjects are on polar sides of the struggle. The Indians acknowledge that labels are subject to limitation and can blind one to critical differences. The English, however, insist on assigning a label to all components of their lives. A tiny and unidentifiable green bird symbolizes this struggle between these two groups, as they are embroiled in the â€Å"muddle† of India. The indeterminate green bird hints at the irreconcilability of the two cultures. India’s mystery, just as the bird’s, cannot be explained when approached from two wholly different methodologies. Miss Adela Quested and Ronny Heaslop argue over the green bird, and in doing so, illustrate how the English handle identity. Foremost, it is imperative to the two that they identify what kind of bird it is. Forster admits that although the bird â€Å"was of no importance,† (91) the two, and therefore the English whom they represent, feel a need to assign a name to the bird. His narration is certain that identifying the bird â€Å"would somehow have solaced their hearts. † (91) Critically, the two have just agreed to call off the wedding plans for which Adela had journeyed to India. The two ex-lovers are surprisingly mechanical when discussing this new course of action. The two agree that had they â€Å"quarreled† (90) about this change of plans, it â€Å"would have been too absurd. † (90) Emotions do not seem to hold an important part in English interpersonal relationships. Adela describes their apparent detachment as being â€Å"awfully British. † (90) In fact, although Ronny felt â€Å"angry and bruised† (90) by his dismissal, he refuses to show his pain because of pride, furthering the message of English emotional detachment. From a modern perspective, if Ronny loves Adela deeply, it would be unthinkable that he could let his pride keep him from pursuing her. Instead of addressing their emotional problems, the two pursue the green bird and try to force it to have some degree of English order. The small green bird symbolizes India; it defies English labeling, it is constantly changing and it is far more complex than a single name could communicate. Adela does her best to describe the bird by noting its physical characteristics and location. She hopes that Ronny can explain this bird to her once he knows that it is green and in the tree above them. Similarly, Adela hopes she will understand India once Aziz lists a few characteristics. Yet, she is unable to determine between fact and opinion as â€Å"she accepted everything Aziz said as verbally true. † (76) Just as Ronny is unable to name the bird, Aziz will be unable to explain India. Adela makes the mistake that a label will suffice to create understanding. However, â€Å"nothing in India is identifiable† (91) and by asking the very question Adela has already started a ripple that will cavitate through picture which she asks to see. For example, one cannot study water in any detail without placing oneself into the water. However, by entering the water, one will have created a ripple and the water has forever changed. It is an unreasonable hope to observe an experiene without concurrently changing or interacting with it. Studying birds is much the same; one cannot study the bird if it is unaccustomed to ones presence and while one appears foreign to the environment the bird will not act as it would naturally. Therefore, as long as the English neither assimilate into their environment nor attempt any reconciliation with it, they will be unable to appreciate it. Ronny Heaslop is unable to visualize the problem he faces; he does not begin to imagine that his presence in an environment changes it and therefore requires some adjustment on his own part. An example of this problem is when Ronny encroaches Fielding’s luncheon and is rude to the Indian guests. While it is possible to imagine the guests might normally ignore such behavior and assume it was merely English, for the past few hours they have been attending an â€Å"unconventional party† (71) in which they were treated as equals and with respect by all parties. Yet Ronny brings the party back to the reality where â€Å"[s]uch affabilitiy is seldom seen. † (77) When Ronny deals with Indians as â€Å"private individuals he [forgets] them. † (81) As Fielding finally confronts Ronny with the results of his actions, Ronny responds, â€Å"Well its nothing I’ve said †¦ I never even spoke to [Aziz. ]† (83) He is completely unaware that ignoring Aziz is exactly what has infuriated him. Ronny ignores Aziz because he has labeled him. In the standard English colonists’ mind there are three types of people in India. There are the British, the Indians in professional environments and the natives. To the colonists, only the first group requires any acknowledgement — otherwise Ronny would obviously have greeted Aziz or Godbole. The last and overwhelmingly largest group includes everyone who does not come under the first two headings. The natives are unworthy of respect, should not be trusted and certainly are not gentlemen. As Aziz is therefore unworthy of respect, in Ronny’s mind, Ronny simply could not be rude to him. It is physically impossible to offend a native. In Ronny’s logic, if he were told he had been rude to one of the British he would be ashamed and apologetic; with regard to Indians, he simply does not see his transgressions. In the same capacity, because he is British he is unable to vary in his treatment of Indians; â€Å"the man who doesn’t tow the line is lost. † (190) The English do not understand there is a problem with the way the two cultures interact. From the English perspective, the natives are brutish and almost worthless. From the Indian perspective, the English are rude and unaccommodating. It is unfortunate that the two groups cannot find a middle ground. Nevertheless, Forster’s description of these troubled dealings is practically flawless. If the English and the Indians are able to find a common ground and communicate with each other, it is likely that the two cultures could co-exist in Forster’s world. The green bird will remain indecipherable to the English and Indian to the Indians. India requires the acceptance and embracing of variation; when the English realize this, their interaction will improve, not before. Works Cited: Forster, E. M.. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1989. A Passage to India Essay Books are truly among the best things ever invented. With thousands of books out there, there are plenty of connections to be made. Here is an example of a connection made when reading this two novels. A Passage to India is a story that takes place in India during the reign of the British Empire. It is truly wonderful when you read a book and manage to make a connection between two different novels. While reading A Passage to India, a connection was made between this book and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In A Passage to India ,There are constant clashes between cultures, races, religion, and even politics. This story depicts India as a world of only two types of people; the British, and everyone else that isn’t British. The British are shown as Superior authority to the Indians. They are very rude and disrespectful. They are very racist towards the Indians. In A Passage to India, the British don’t usually mix and mingle with the Indians because they are both very different groups of people, and the British are seen as racist in this novel. Their cultures are really different, and there religions are by far different. Basically, the Indians and British are segregated. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, whites and blacks are segregated in the southern states due to the era in which the story takes place. Most, if not all, of the blacks are slaves. The whites don’t like the blacks because they are considered lower standard people, slaves. There are only two types of people in this story; whites, and non-whites. Racism is a very common obstacle in our world and is used in many stories to depict and portray certain hardships and time periods of our world. Both of these stories use racism to help portray these two very different settings. In A Passage to India, the British are very harsh and cruel towards the Indians, just like how the whites treat the blacks in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.â€Å"You’re superior to them, anyway. Don’t forget that. You’re superior to everyone in India except one or two of the Ranis, and they’re on equality.†(Forester 42). Mrs. Turton’s statement gives us an example of the racism of a typical Englishwomen. Here she tells Adela that they are superior to Indians in any way possible, even the higher politicians. The authors use statements like these to help the reader be able to imagine how things must be in the particular setting. Here, is a passage from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn which shows us how racism is used to help build up the setting by Mark Twain. â€Å" It was ‘lection day, and I was just  about to go and vote myself if I warn’t too drunk to get there; but when they told me there was a State in this country where they’d let that nigger vote, I drawed out. I says I’ll never vote agin.†(Sawyer 28). Just because a black man was free to vote in the election, Pap would never vote again because he didn’t believe blacks were good enough to be able to vote in the Election of the President of the USA. He didn’t want to be held to the same standards as blacks, he wanted to be able to be distinguished from blacks and have superiority. In his eyes, blacks were just property. They weren’t meant to be anything other than slaves. This passage helps the reader understand and imagine the harsh setting of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. These novels have very different settings but still have one thing in common. These two authors take a risky and sensitive subject like racism to help portray their stories and how they impact the reader. This connection also shows us that there is racism all around the world, even if these are fictional stories. A Passage to India and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn both are stating messages that show how harsh and cruel racism can be, and how it affects people. Racism a very common theme in many stories and there are many connections to be made amongst them. Forster, E. M. A Passage to India, New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 1924. Print. Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Random House, 1996. Print.

Why You Shouldnt Trust Forbes College Rankings

Why You Shouldn't Trust Forbes College Rankings SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Forbes is a highly respected source of college rankings and is often consulted by students to help them decide which colleges are objectively the â€Å"best† choices. However, relying too much on these rankings can be a dangerous way to go about the college search process. In this article, I’ll outline how Forbes rankings are calculated and give you a rundown of the problematic aspects of these rankings. Overview of Forbes College Rankings Forbes is one of the most well-known sources of college rankings out there.It works in conjunction with the Center for College Affordability and Productivity to rank a total of 650 undergraduate educational institutions.Criteria for inclusion in the rankings includes the award of degrees or certificates requiring four or more years of study.All schools are classified by the Carnegie Foundation as Doctorate-Granting Universities, Master’s Colleges and Universities, or Baccalaureate Colleges. Forbes emphasizes student outcomes for colleges - this means rankings are heavily dependent on post-graduate success, freshman retention rates, graduation rates, and ultimate academic success in terms of advanced degrees and awards.An interesting thing to note about these rankings is that for each year, they incorporate the school's current scores in conjunction with scores for the past two years. This means that for 2015, a school’s score for 2015 is given a 50% weight in its composite score, and scores from 2014 and 2013 are each given a 25% weight.This is to help control for variability since ranking colleges based on graduation outcomes and post-graduate success factors means many changes from year to year. How Does Forbes Create Its Rankings? Forbes generates its rankings using several tools across different platforms and metrics.The general breakdown looks like this: Student Satisfaction (25%) This is further broken down into percentage weights for a couple different measurements.These include: Student evaluations from RateMyProfessors.com (7.5%) Freshman retention rates (12.5%) Predicted freshman retention rates compared to actual rates (2.5%) A â€Å"School Satisfaction Survey† conducted by Forbes via Facebook (2.5%) Post-Graduate Success (32.5%) This is broken down into two subcategories: Alumni salary from Payscale.com (10%) American Leaders List (22.5%) Student Debt (25%) There are three subcategories here: Average Federal Student Loan Debt (10%) Student loan default rates (12.5%) Predicted vs. actual federal student loan debt (2.5%) Graduation Rate (7.5%) This is divided into the four-year graduation rate (5%) and the predicted vs. actual four-year graduation rate (2.5%). Academic Success (10%) This is divided into two subcategories: Students receiving Nationally Competitive Awards (Rhodes Scholars, etc.) (7.5%) Alumni receiving PhDs (2.5%) PhDs must wear silly robes at all times to distinguish themselves from the unwashed masses What’s the Problem with These Rankings? Forbes rankings are based on some solid information, but they’re not going to give you the full story on whether a college is the right choice for you.There are a couple of issues you should be aware of before taking these rankings into consideration in your college search. Very little emphasis on the actual student experience While Forbes does consider RateMyProfessors feedback (which can be seriously biased towards easy professors) and makes a big deal about being the first college ranking site to use social media in the form of a Facebook survey for students, even these factors only account for 10% of the total ranking criteria.Forbesconsiders the student experience more than, say, US News, which is almost purely based on bare statistics and feedback from academics, but it still won’t give you a great sense of whether the school is a pleasant environment for students. Ratings of professors and a survey don’t give you a good sense of the community at the school.In a ranking system, it’s probably impossible for any mode of measurement to do that.This is why relying solely on any ranking system leaves you open to misinterpreting the culture at a school. You end up losing the necessary subjectivity that goes along with judgment of each individual college environment. Narrow definitions of â€Å"success† Forbes places a lot of emphasis on post-graduate success and awards earned by students.In fact, almost half of a school’s score is comprised of the â€Å"Academic Excellence† and â€Å"Post Graduate Success† categories.These are valuable measures to include, but they don’t apply to the aspirations of all students.If you’re going to college, you’re probably hoping it will get you a job, but a high salary or academic awards might not be a priority. If you’d like to pursue a social justice or public service career path, you're probably already aware that you’re not headed towards giant piles of cash.This means you have to take a step back from the rankings and investigate each school on an individual basis to come to conclusions about what fits best for you.Schools where alumni make a lot of money might just have excellent business or economics programs. That’s not relevant to you if you don’t plan on becoming a financial analyst or an entrepreneur. Jeremy in the Sky with WordArt is one of the Beatles' lesser known songs Advantages to schools with a wealthy student body Measures of student debt levels make up a significant portion of a school’s score in the Forbes ranking system (25%).While you may be interested in going to a school that appears to leave students with less debt, these measurements can be misleading. For example, schools that tend to attract an overall wealthier student body will naturally end up with less volume of student debt.These students’ parents may be able to completely foot the bill for college or keep loans small and pay them off easily later.For this reason, an objectively better student debt rating may not reflect the level of support students receive from the school or the real income potential of students.A poor student might end up with some debt in loans after college even after significant support from the school and access to a promising career path. Lack of categories to differentiate colleges of varying types The Forbes rankings lump colleges into one big list (although there are many other lists on the site - here we’re just talking about the main rankings).This is problematic because it’s very difficult to directly compare schools that are markedly different in terms of public or private status, research capabilities, and size of student body. For example, this year Pomona, a small liberal arts college, has the number one spot in the rankings, above all the Ivies, Stanford, and MIT.While there are certainly valid reasons for ranking Pomona #1, it also would be silly for you to choose it based on its higher rank if you were looking for alarger research university.Comparing a small college like Pomona to a research university with a large graduate student population like the University of Pennsylvania is comparing apples to oranges as far as the academic experience goes. The key thing to understand is that every student is different and has specific needs and preferences for their college experience.When rankings like these try to force all colleges into one category, they’re giving the students what they want (an easy way to tell which colleges are â€Å"better†) but not what they need. Relying too heavily on rankings results in a dangerously simplistic view of college quality and the college search process. Sometimes rankings are the wrong tools for understanding the environment at a college... If Not Forbes, Then What? But Sam, you may be saying, if I shouldn’t look at Forbes rankings, then what SHOULD I do? Stare at a blank wall releasing all judgment like a Buddhist monk until application time and then choose a school at random?Maybe not until application time (and please don’t choose at random), but you should certainly take a few moments to reflect more seriously on what you want out of college apart from what the rankings and others around you say you’re supposed to want.For more detail on what your should be asking yourself, read my guide on the college search process. After you’ve already picked out some schools based on what you like about them across different factors that are important to you personally, only then might you look at Forbes rankings.I broke down the weight given to different factors in the ranking process for you so that you can see what’s being measured.Make sure you always keep this in mind. It's possible thatvery few of those factors matter to you - in this case, the rankings are not going to be particularly relevant. Not particularly relevant You can still use Forbes rankings as a general guide if you've done your research and considered all the other factors that are important to you in your college search. It's useful to look at the rankings generally in groups of ten or so. The top five schools will be the most reputable, followed by the next ten, followed by the next ten, and so on. Colleges within the same group of ten won't be much different in terms of quality. Rankings like these can be useful because prestige and student outcomes are valuable measurements of college quality. Schools with better reputations will naturally attract a more intellectual group of students and usually provide more opportunities. All other things being equal, you should choose the school with the higher ranking. However, if you're trying to decide between a school with a lower ranking that's a great fit for you and a school with a high ranking that's a poor fit, you should choose the first option every time. Rather than relying totally on rankings, you can check out some of these sites that will help match you up with colleges based on what you’re looking for in terms of program offerings, size, location, social life, and many other valuable components of the college experience.Rankings are interesting and exciting because they give you fast information about which college is â€Å"better† and make you feel like success is just a matter of getting into the â€Å"right† school.The reality is that college is what you make of it. You should go somewhere where you’ll be happy and able to lead a rich academic and social life based on your personality and passions. What's Next? Looking to attend a liberal arts college? Take a look at this list of the best liberal arts schools in the country. Not sure whether you're interested in public or private schools?Read this article to learn about the differences between the two. If you want to save some money on college applications, you might consider applying to schools without application fees. Here's a complete list of all the colleges that don't charge fees to apply. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: