Families Portrayed In Roddy Doyles Books Essay -- essays research pape

Families Portrayed In Roddy Doyles Books     Why do we hear so much about family these days? Perhaps it is becauserelationships in the midst of family members are assumed to be the prototype for solelyother social relations. In the novels, The Commitments, The Snapper and The Van,Roddy Doyle shows his support of the family as an institution. Each characterdemonstrates strength and direction within the family unit. However, when thestability of the family is threatened, distributively character breaks down along with thefamily itself.     When we think of family life we associate happiness, a life of sharingmemories and developing unbreakable friendships. It is swooning to create a familythat is make believe, we just tend to leave the ugly side of the relationshipout. It may be true that there is a family that lives kindred the "Cleavers" inour society today, but speaking realistically every family will breakdowneventually. In an interview about his novels the author said, "I didnt garb outto capture the good in every family, or bad for that matter, I just precious toshow a typical Irish family."1 Doyles writing is real--he deals with issuesthat might not hit home with every reader however, they are events thatconfront many people every day. The Rabbitte family is used in all three novelsthat make up the "Barrytown Trilogy." While the times are both good and bad forthe eight members of this Irish family, in around way they bump a way overcomeevery problem that faces them.      peerless of Doyles strengths is his feel for personality his characters areneither devils nor clowns, dolts nor wits, but wobble between the extremes."Theyre fish gutters and mechanics, unripe knockabouts and unemployed workerswho spend a lot of time watching T.V. drinking Guinness and jawing at the pub,trying to stave off the feelings that they are nondescript people in anondescript world.&q uot2     The Commitments is Doyles first full-length novel. The main characterJimmy Rabbitte, the eldest son, puts together a band. It is almost everyteenagers dream, at some point, to be famous playing music in front of largegroups of people. In fact, this is how this book started off. In the end,however, it turns out to be the complete opposite. Doyle captures ... ... about unemployment and welfare. One night when thefamily is eating Darren says something to upset his father whose reply is           "Darren, dont you forget who paid for tha dinner in front ofyou, son, righ          -I know who paid for it, said Darren. -The state did."7     This reaction not only made Jimmy Sr. upset but, he came to terms withthe fact that he was going nowhere and if he wanted things to get better he hadbetter get a job soon.     The Rabittes may have gone through times when they wanted to kill eachother, but other times they cared. Doyle is a down-to-earth writer, he showsthe way of life for many families with the use of slang in his writing and hisabillity to capture brainpower when the times are hard. The Rabbitte family sharedmany bonds, they had many memories and of course many fights, but they are afamily. They may be fictional but they even out a modern family. It is truethat when the stability of the family is threatened, each character breaks downalong with the family itself.

faulkner :: essays research papers

The Southern Social Themes of group B BurningWilliam Faulkner undoubtedly ranks one of the outstrip and most influential writers both in America and in history. Among his various works of art, the most famous ones are those set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which is forge out of his native soil. Despite their Southern setting, these works convey something universally true. As Faulkner often claims, he is just a story-teller, telling about humanity in conflict, about how he endures and prevails. Before he received due recognition, Faulkner wrote quite a few short stories which he expected would help him cleanse his economic condition, so that he could write novels at ease. Nevertheless, although he was motivated by economic interests, many of these short stories turned out very prominent." bacillus Burning" is one of Faulkners most frequently anthologized, though its prose is a bit more ponderous than the garrulous first-person narration of "Emily." Set roughly 30 geezerhood after the Civil War, the story focuses on two members of the Snopes family Ab Snopes, a poor sharecropper who takes out his frustrations against the post-Civil War aristocracy by burning barns, and his youthful son, "Sarty," who dislikes his fathers destructive tendencies and ultimately must choose between family and morality. This powerful coming-of-age story is notable for its conscientious prose styling, in which Faulkner mimics the inward turmoil and questions faced by his steer protagonist, as well as its carefully rendered settings of three historical milieus, each of which has important thematic concerns in the story the sharecroppers cabin, the planters mansion, and the towns general store.Faulkner incorporated the basic account of the story into his novel The Hamlet, though it is told in vastly different language and tone.Written as it was, at the ebb of the 1930s, a go of social, economic, and cultural tumult, the decade of the Great Depr ession, William Faulkners short story "Barn Burning" may be read and discussed by most of us as just that--a story of the 30s, for "Barn Burning" offers students insights into these years as they were lived by the nation and the South and captured by our artists. This story was first published in June of 1939 in Harpers Magazine and later awarded the 0. total heat Memorial Award for the best short story of the year. Whether read alone, as part of a thematic unit on the Depression era, or as an element of an interdisciplinary course of the Depression 30s, "Barn Burning" can be used to awaken students to the race, class, and economic turmoil of the decade.

The Comitatus Relationship in Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Throughout history rulers have always been protective of their kingdoms. In hopes of always being in harbour of their territory, rulers develop special relationships with the people to protect them. This relationship was usually achieved by of instilling fear into the minds of their warriors, or instilling respect amongst each other. In the story Beowulf the relationship between the ruler and his thanes is that of honor, friendship, and respect.In Anglo Saxon stories, the relationship between the ruler and his thanes is known as comitatus. The comitatus relationship requires that the thane swear to defend a lord to their death, while he provides them with the protection and a share of his wealth and weapons. This sounds like a typical warrior defending master relationship, but the relationship between a lord and his thanes is far more complex than that. Along with the thane and lord each providing services for the other, there is also a great deal of comradeship between the thanes and their lord Some of the native terms used for this group in Beowulf may suggest something of ...

Just War Theory :: Free Essay Writer

but War TheoryQuestions About The War I think the just war tradition is a great way to rate if a war is really worth fighting or is it really not worth fighting. For the first law Just Cause, yes I would say that we as the United States have just cause to end the terrorist attacks because it is really starting to get out of hand. The Second law relative Justice yes I would say that we have comparative justice because we have definitely suffered more than Afghanistan because we have lost many more people in their attacks than they have in any of our attacks. The Third Law Legitimate Authority is definitely being use in our country to begin our war against terrorism. Our highest dictate is the president and he is the one that did declare war against terrorism. The Fourth Law Right Intention, yes I do think that right intention is being used because they killed 4500 of our citizens and all we are doing is wiping out terrorism not necessarily killing any people. We as a country just want to out do the terrorist actions and bring peace to all countries. The Fifth Law Probability of Success, yes I think that the probability of triumph is greater than the probability of success for the terrorists. The probability of success against terrorism is greater to prevail because the United States and Britain are just taking the initial step and if any thing goes wrong the United States has 90% of the other countries around the world to help us if we need them. The Sixth Law Proportionality is being put in effect that they keep the civilian casualties rout to a minimum because that is not the purpose of the war and after the war the willing have out done evil and the good and peaceful will prevail.

Nicotine Addiction :: Research Analysis

Nicotine addictionCigarette addiction is responsible for over four gazillion deaths every year. The nous most people ask is why dont people unsloped put down their cigarettes? Well, the answer to that often asked question is nicotine. Nicotine is a neurotransmitter that targets certain receptors in the brain. It is a chemical messenger that induces feelings of pleasure. When someone takes a hit off of a cigarette, they ingest the harmful chemicals that can induce cancer and other serious health threats. They only inhale these chemicals to get one thing and one thing only, nicotine. Curing addiction becomes harder and harder with each expand of a cigarette one takes. When nicotine is consumed, it communicates with the brain and is absorbed into receptor molecules, Doctors for years have undergone hundreds of experimental studies on the human brain to help understand just how these chemicals neurologically affect the brain, and which sectors of the brain are affected. This goal h as not yet been accomplished due to the large amounts of receptor cells in the brain. In a study performed at the California Institute of Technology performed by Andrew Tapper, Professor Allan Collins from the University of Colorado, Several colleagues, and Henry A. Lester, the Caltech University Bren Professor of Biology revealed that nicotine affects a small subunit of the brain called important four. This subunit of the brain increases levels of pleasure, response, sensitization, and increases tolerance of multiple doses of the drug nicotine. Many people do not know what nicotine does inside the brain. Heres how it works when the nicotine reacts with the cells in the brain. It creates nerve impulse that jump chemically across a gap between two different nerve cells. This action is called a synapse. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is used in this process and is used to affect specified receptors in the brain targeting post-synaptic nerve cells. After this process, the feel goo d brain messenger, dopamine, is released. This chemical is released into the brain creating an extreme high. The acetylcholine is hence supposed to diminish the dopamine after completing its task. The drug disguises itself as acetylcholine causing the process of dopamine release to last for minutes rather than milliseconds. In several lab studies performed on mice in the 1990s, results concluded that nicotine also affects the subunits of the brain labeled beta two. Knowing how this drug affects many different subunits shows just how multiform it is to find a cure for addiction to this drug.

Nicotine Addiction :: Research Analysis

Nicotine addictionCigarette addiction is responsible for over four million deaths every year. The question most people ask is why dont people just put down their cigarettes? Well, the answer to that often asked question is nicotine. Nicotine is a neurotransmitter that targets certain sensory receptors in the point. It is a chemical courier that induces feelings of pleasure. When someone takes a hit off of a cigarette, they ingest the harmful chemicals that can cause cancer and other serious health threats. They only animate these chemicals to get one thing and one thing only, nicotine. Curing addiction becomes harder and harder with each puff of a cigarette one takes. When nicotine is consumed, it communicates with the brain and is absorbed into receptor molecules, Doctors for years have undergone hundreds of experimental studies on the human brain to help understand just how these chemicals neurologically affect the brain, and which sectors of the brain are affected. This goal h as not tho been accomplished due to the large amounts of receptor cells in the brain. In a study performed at the California Institute of Technology performed by Andrew Tapper, Professor Allan collins from the University of Colorado, Several colleagues, and Henry A. Lester, the Caltech University Bren Professor of Biology revealed that nicotine affects a small subunit of the brain called alpha four. This subunit of the brain increases levels of pleasure, response, sensitization, and increases tolerance of multiple doses of the dose nicotine. umteen people do not know what nicotine does inside the brain. Heres how it works when the nicotine reacts with the cells in the brain. It creates nerve impulse that jump chemically across a gap between two different nerve cells. This action is called a synapse. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is used in this process and is used to affect specified receptors in the brain targeting post-synaptic nerve cells. After this process, the feel goo d brain messenger, dopamine, is released. This chemical is released into the brain creating an extreme high. The acetylcholine is then supposed to diminish the dopamine after completing its task. The drug disguises itself as acetylcholine causing the process of dopamine release to last for minutes rather than milliseconds. In several lab studies performed on mice in the 1990s, results concluded that nicotine besides affects the subunits of the brain labeled beta two. Knowing how this drug affects many different subunits shows just how complicated it is to find a cure for addiction to this drug.

Potato Powered Computer

CHAPTER IIReview of Related Literature and StudiesPresented in chapter is a synthesis of look into that supports the evaluation and explains the importance and advantages in using the murphy- roleed outpouring. numerous questions almost stump spud-powered battery atomic number 18 explained in this study. Thus, this study is a complete overview about potato-powered battery.Literaturea) Foreign Two metals an anode, which is the negative electrode, such as zinc, and a cathode, the tyrannically charged electrode, such as copper. The acid inside the potato forms a chemical reaction with the zinc and copper, and when the electrons flow from one material to another, energy is released. (Galvani, 1780)The potato serves as a hale state salt bridge. The advantage is in the convenience of a solid component with a naturally fussd composition. The quantity of potatoes needful for the salt bridge function is negligible relative to food consumption. The wearable material is the Zn. In f act with proper studies it may turn out that the migration of Zn ions into the potato may impart nutritional benefits to the potato slice used in the battery. Therefore no food is wasted. Furthermore, as mentioned in the paper, while the potato may be optimal because it is widely available, every tuber or solid plant material could be used as a solid state bridge. Nevertheless, reducing the internal impedance of the salt bridge through actions such as boiling is crucial to increasing efficiency. (Becker, 2010)Electrical flow from potatoes long cognise to be natural electrolytes can be enhanced tenfold when their cell membranes are deliberately ruptured by boiling. To demonstrate, the researchers created a series of batteries out of slices of change state Desiree potatoes about the surface of a standard mobile phone, though they say the type and size of potato slice do not determine its power. (Kirchhoff, 2003)The study reveals that a single boiled potato battery with zinc and copper electrodes generates portable energy at an estimated $9 per kilowatt hour, which is 50-fold cheaper than a typical 1.5 volt AA alkalic cell or D cell battery, which can cost $4984 per kilowatt hour. Its in any case an estimated six times cheaper than standard lamp oil lamps used in the developing valet. (Rabinowitch, 2010)The holy grail of renewable energy research may lie in the cooking pot, according to scientists. The search for a cheap source of electricity for remote, off-grid communities, has led to batteries that work on freshly boiled potatoes. One slice of potato can generate 20 hours of fall, and several(prenominal) slices could add enough energy to power simple medical equipment and even a low-power computer. (Hebrew University, 2010)b) Local A charity which promotes technology for development, said With half the worlds creation having no access to modern energy, this research is a valuable contribution to one of the biggest challenges in the world. But is c oncerned about the limited center of power that individual batteries can generate and the possible implications of diverting a food crop into energy production. (Sanchez, 2010)The holy grail of renewable energy research may lie in the cooking pot, according to scientists. The search for a cheap source of electricity for remote, off-grid communities, has led to batteries that work on freshly boiled potatoes. One slice of potato can generate 20 hours of light, and several slices could provide enough energy to power simple medical equipment and even a low-power computer, said a research team from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.The technology is ready to go, co-researcher Haim Rabinowitch told SciDev.Net. It should take an interested body only a short while, and very pocket-size investment, to bushel this available to communities in need. The team, which described its work in the Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy earlier this month (7 June), said its work hinges on a recent discovery that the electrical flow from potatoes long known to be natural electrolytes can be enhanced tenfold when their cell membranes are deliberately ruptured by boiling.Todemonstrate, the researchers created a series of batteries out of slices of boiled Desiree potatoes about the size of a standard mobile phone, though they say the type and size of potato slice do not determine its power. The device had the same(p) basic components as conventional batteries, consisting of two electrodes separated by an electrolyte (the potato). Each battery powered a small light for 20 hours, after which a new slice could be inserted. Potato batteries are estimated to generate energy at a cost of approximately US$9 per kilowatt hour (kW/h), which compares favourably with the best performing 1.5 volt (AA) alkaline cells or D cells which generate energy at US$50/kWh.Banana and strawberry batteries could in like manner be used, said Rabinowitch, but their softer tissues would re veal the structure of the battery and the sugars could attract insects. Potatoes were chosen because of their handiness all over including the tropics and sub-tropics, he said. They are the worlds fourth most abundant food crop. (Dacey,2010)Energy technology and policy advisor at Practical Action, a charity which promotes technology for development, said With half the worlds population having no access to modern energy, this research is a valuable contribution to one of the biggest challenges in the world.(Sanchez,2010)Potato electricity is a good idea in regions where potatoes are grown in plenty. Regions like western Uganda where potatoes rot due to the inability to transport them to urban areas in time for sale, the idea can work perfectly well. If the people are sensitized, excess food crop can be converted in electricity. (Makara,2010)I find it extraordinary that people should find this obvious move forward in renewable resources not only innovative and creative but also poten tially effective to global community if it is taken seriously. All renewable resources were considered marginal and off-beat when they first came to being. Now they are part of our everyday lives. Give this the same respect. (Elecsolar,2011)Studiesa) ForeignCompared to kerosene lamps used in many developing parts of the world, the system can provide equivalent lighting at one-sixth the cost its estimated to be somewhere around $9 per kilowatt hour and a D cell battery, for another point of comparison, can run as much as $84 per kilowatt hour. (Rabinowitch)By simply boiling the potatoes for eight minutes, it broke down the organic tissues inside the potatoes, reducing resistance and allowing for freer movement of electrons thus producing more energy. They also increased the energy output by slicing the potato into four or five pieces, each sandwiched by a copper and zinc plate, to make a series. We found we could improve the output 10 times, which made it interesting economically, be cause the cost of energy drops down. (Golberg, 2009)There are also other similarly treated vegetables could provide an immediate, environmental friendly and inexpensive solution to many of the low power energy needs in areas of the world lacking access to electrical infrastructure. (Rubinsky, 2010)The long-keeping low potatoes in particular are a good energy source since they are produced in 130 countries over a wide range of climates, from temperate zones to the subtropics- more than any other crop worldwide, but corn, and thus available year round almost anywhere. (Willington, 2010)Banana and strawberry batteries could also be used, but their softer tissues would weaken the structure of the battery and the sugars could attract insects. Potatoes were chosen because of their availability all over including the tropics and sub-tropics,. They are the worlds fourth most abundant food crop. (Rabinowitch, 2009)b) Local upright news meets you rural folks as well as field workers, as re search & development discovered the positive usable energy stored in potato that canbe used for micro-instruments. The cooking pot surely promises lots for those living in hinterlands, as boiled potato was shown to exhibit positive energy capacities. That is, just to stress, when potato is boiled. Potato is eventually available everywhere, which explains why it was chosen among diverse agri products for the research & development project. From rural to urban markets, potatoes can be found. They comprise the 4th most abundant agricultural products. (Argonza,2012)Believe it or not you can make a battery from a potato. Though this is a fair trick for a science project, it is probably not practical for powering your alarm clock. The chemicals in the potato juice react much in the same personal manner that battery acid does and can generate electricity. (www.miniscience.com/projects/PotatoElectricity)The potato battery can generate energy five to 50 times less expensive than mercantil e batteries. The ability to provide electrical power with such simple and natural means could benefit millions of people in the developing world, literally bringing light and telecommunication to their life in areas currently lacking electrical infrastructure. (http//www.shalomlife.com/news/13016/israelis-develop-boiled-potato-batteries/)The team found that boiling the potato before implementing it electrically increased its power up to 10 times over the unboiled potato, allowing the battery to last for days or even weeks. Potatoes are internationally available year-round, able to grow in a variety of different climates, and are one of the cheapest sources of non-grain starches available. Now, not only do potatoes provide energy to our physical bodies, but they have the potential to provide energy for the use of electrical implements, as well. (Harreetz)

Pity for the Damned: Dante’s Quest for Personal Understanding

In the epic poem The Inferno by Dante Alighieri, Dante experiences blessing for the damned souls in conflagration, which defies the Christian Churchs concept of frowning upon those in purgatory. Canto XIII of The Inferno exemplifies Dantes ideas about people who commit self-annihilation, which put acrosss entirely contrary to the Church, who believes that those who commit suicide have dishonored Gods afford of human life. Dantes defiance reflects his ability to analyze his environs and utilize his free will to think when released from the Churchs grasp.Interestingly, he is only able to feel complete psychological freedom in Hell, the place the Church disdains. Therefore, this poem is Dante criticizing society for blindly following the Church and diminishing their ability to think for themselves, and the Church for creating this type of commanding environment. Canto XIII (The Forest of Suicides) is solely dedicated to suicides, un kindred any other Canto, which illustrates the significance of this point in Dantes journey to the underworld. He passes by six levels of hell before reaching the circle of violence and he has not felt this much pity since the story of Francesca.Upon entering the forest Dante inquirys his surroundings, an expected reception of him. The appeal to the woods illustrates the pull between the imagined and experienced, and more grievously, what is written and left unsaid. Virgil tells Dante, Look well-you will see things that, in my telling, would seem to strip my words of truth. /Lamentations I perceive on every side but I saw no one who might be exacting out so that, confused, I halt (Dante 239) Dantes bewilderment personifies the strangeness of the s chargeth circle of hell and his feeling towards suicides confused, nervous, and wary.Virgil brings Dante further into the woods because he believes that Dante should honor these souls and pay attention to them, for the possibility remains they were not shown attention in their lives on earth. Continuing through the forest, Virgil tempts Dante to break a get it and witness the result in response to Dantes joking comment of the sounds glide path from the trees (239). To Dantes amazement, the twig bleeds human blood and speaks Why do you tear me? Have you no pity? /We were once men that now are turned to thorns (241).hither Dante turns from a skeptic, to being fearful, to a believer of Virgils words and in use of his free will to feel emotion. The pity he feels for the souls stuck in twisted setaceous trees for eternity bothers him because imagining himself in their position is nerve wracking. Moreover, the punishment given to those who commit suicide is everlasting pain and suffering. Having rejected their bodies on earth, these souls are decreed unable to assume human form. In committing suicide, the souls declared their God-given bodies unimportant, a sin in Christianity.Thus arguably Dante feels more pity for the souls in the forest because he under stands that suicide commonly occurs from external pressures and disasters. Thus those in the forest are dead because of other peoples actions, an unfair and unfortunate event. His pity shines through when Dante and Virgil conduct their ritual perplexity and answer of the deceased. The souls trapped in the trees tell Virgil and Dante of how they got to the seventh circle and Dante becomes incredibly worked up and cannot speak, demonstrating his punkfelt emotions and sympathy.A soul speaks and says, If one of you goes back into the world, let him ready my memory, which still lies helpless beneath the blow that envy dealt it(243) This statement implies committing two sins, envy and suicide. Hearing his words, Dante becomes overwhelmed with despair. First he had no words in response because of shock and building emotion, but decides they must continue with the interviews. He says, Please question him about the things you think I need to know. For I cannot, much(prenominal) pity fill s my heart(243).Previously Dante could relate somewhat to each circle and fear their punishment for himself, but he has not experienced killing himself, yet the anguish he feels is elevated. Presumably he feels like this because he sees no way out for them besides Judgment Day, which is unlikely to release them from suffering. Virgil asks the souls if they can one day be free, but they do not seem hopeful (245). A soul resumes to explain what happens to their bodies when they arrive in the seventh circle they are treat like a rotten piece of meat that not even a dog would eat.Their bodies are flung without care into the forest, no specific place chosen, and it fastens down to charge roots and grow into the thorny, horrifying mess they stepped in to. In a sense, the way the bodies are treated is another form of punishment. Since they went astray from Gods plan, they are treated accordingly. Furthermore, once the thicket grows wild and big, The Harpies, terrifying creatures who live in the forest of suicides, feed on the branches housing the souls, meaning their punishment is endless pain so they never forget the feeling of suicide.Out of the blue two souls come running towards them, this encounter further reveals Dantes character. The souls are consciously running to their deaths with yearning and run into a thorn bush where a dog mangles the bodies and runs away with their limbs. Following straight after the event Dante and Virgil approach the bush the souls ran in to, as it was crying (247). Through this particular instance, Dante comments on the importance of nature in human life. Nature and Man coexist, but Man believes that nature is below us and whence has the power to treat it as we please.The bush did not want the soul to impound itself on it, but the soul did not consider that. Dante shows deep tenderness for the bush simply by approaching it as if a physical human was crying. He breaks his nervous and confused mindset completely, exhibiting his ch ange in heart and mind towards these tormented souls. Once the soul has rested in the bush, it has more concern for itself then when it was alive. The souls physical body was what pained him and being known as the person he once was seems to have been overwhelming.Why this is remains unknown, but the reason is unimportant because the fact that someone would detest themselves or their life to such a great extent, means something must have happened to them that could not be erased. The act of killing his or herself was an act of relief from their previous identity, which is expressed through his concern for its bush after death O souls who have arrived to see the shameless carnage that has torn me from my leaves, /gather them here at the foot of this abominable bush(247).The nameless soul asks for a simple and modest favor, which further shows its relaxed state of mind. Dante of course pities the soul, and being a learned man, acknowledges the importance of peoples relationship with the natural world. He helps the soul because he realizes it was once human but because of unfortunate events it resides in the forest. Moreover, Dantes act exposes the anger within himself for his treatment of the branch when he entered the forest. Breaking the twig and seeing it bleed was terrifying and unexpected, but he has a chance to redeem himself by collecting the leaves for the soul.The decision to leave the soul nameless indicates the everydayness of suicide during this time period, which alludes to a misshapen society. If the Florentine people were commonly killing themselves and going against the Church, their reasons must have been grand because devotion to the Church was everything and nearly mandated if one desired acceptance. Therefore, through having a nameless soul Dante criticizes the Church and their punishments and implying that life was worse than hell.When the soul speaks of Florence and identifies himself as Florentine from his reference to Mars (155), Dante feels even greater pity because he is reminded of disturbing incidents of suicide and hanging where he grew up. Likely Dante knew people who committed suicide, which would make his sadness stronger. Knowing that someone you make love must endure such a terrible afterlife is devastating, so for the love of his homeland and to help the souls in the forest, Dante loses fear and shock and genuinely helps the soul, which is an important moment.He has not felt sad enough to help any other soul in hell, but this one is different because it resonates with him on a personal level. Dantes grief throughout Inferno raises the issue of Gods Divine Justice and if his punishments are fair. By questioning Gods power, Dante puts himself out on the line and forces the reader to question God as well, aiming to alleviate the pressures of the Church on the individual and allowing one to think for ones self.Although Dante concludes that the crime fits the punishment, he shows remorse for the souls. His remorse sprouts from his acute awareness of his surroundings and understanding of his standing on earth. Without reading Inferno through Dantes eyes, the reader could not have comprehended the importance of each circle of hell for him. non only is Dantes journey a trip to the underworld it is a journey to find himself. The opening lines of the epic poem illustrate his internal unrest by describing the dark wood where his path was lost (3).Entering each circle of hell means a learning experience for Dante and a chance to figure of speech out who he is and where he wants to go in life. By Canto XIII his evolution is evident. Instead of collapsing from pity, he overcomes his emotions and allows himself to interact with the nameless soul. Dante has matured since entering Limbo, which benefits him in as he descends deeper into hell because he has the chance to analyze the souls situation and connect further, rather than assuming the role of the fainthearted.

Welfare Of Parkinsons Disease Sufferers Health And Social Care Essay

Parkinson s complaint is a roughhewn disease confronting many older plenty across the universe. It affects the cardinal number nervous system and it impairs cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and primordial(a) maps. This disease largely affects the older coevals and it manifests itself with symptoms which include rigidness, shudder, postural instability, awkwardness in motion and others. another(prenominal) symptoms include sleep troubles, centripetal and autonomic dis subroutine. Parkinson s disease has a high prevalence rate among older stack with about 500,000 masses lasting from the disease in the United States. In add-on, there ar about 1 gazillion mickle who suffer from the disease but they drive non been diagnosed up to now ( Oxtoby et. al. , 2004 ) . This makes Parkinson s disease a serious unwellness which requires pressing intercessions by party.Parkinson s disease adversely affects the day-to-day life of people put up from it since it affects their cognitive procedures or motor accomplishments. This makes most patients rely on household and friends for endurance. As a consequence, there are assorted plans which have been bring outed to provide for people enduring from the unwellness. This paper aims at analysing Parkinson s disease including statistics and effects on patients. Assorted plans which cater for patients enduring from the disease will be discussed and farther intercessions necessitate to cut down inauspicious effects on family recommended. The discussed issues will be summarized at the terminal.Statisticss, causality and interventionIt has been stated that there are 500,000 people enduring from Parkinson s disease in the United States and a farther 1 million who have the disease but who have non been diagnosed yet. The disease kills an norm of 14,000 people yearly in the US. In the UK, about 1 % of hospital audiences are for Parkinson s disease and the average age of patients diagnosed with the disease is 65. Globally, it is estimated that about 10 million suffer from the disease although there are few statistics on Parkinson s disease. The cause of the disease is non known although it has been linked with genetic sciences in whatsoever instances. It has in any event been linked to exposure to some insect powders. Parkinson s is normally diagnosed by a combination of methods. It is strong to name the disease utilizing pathological agencies and clinical trials are normally used in naming Parkinson s. Neuro-imaging is overly another effectual manner of naming the upset. The disease is normally treated utilizing medicine although at some phases complications whitethorn happen as a consequence of trust on medicine. Treatment techniques include the usage of MAO-B inhibitors, Dopastat agonists and L-dopa. Rehabilitation and diet have besides been seen to assist in alleviating symptoms. In utmost instances, encephalon stimulation and surgery is used to alleviate symptoms of the disease.Psyc ho-social challenges confronting affected patientsThere are many challenges which patients who suffer from Parkinson s face. Since the disease impairs cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and other maps, it makes twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities hard to execute. Acts which many people take for granted such as speaking, walking, bathing, bathroom control, memory and others, may all of a sudden turn out disputing for Parkinson s patients to execute. This may do them societal loads who require round the clock attending from their households or wellness concern practicians. Many patients particularly those who are hapless or marginalized are normally unable to admission price such help and they are left-hand(a) to endure on their ain. However, there are assorted companys and undertakings which are demonstrable to provide for patients who can non unveiling effectual attention. Patients enduring from symptoms of the disease may besides be unable to keep nic e transaction chances due to hapless cognitive and motor accomplishments as a consequence of the disease. Inability to keep employment makes such patients dependent on others. Patients who do non hold household and friends who may care for them normally do non hold entree to basic demands including wellness attention due to miss of employment. However, these excessively can profit from several plans which have been created to provide for patients enduring from the disease across the US.Another psycho-social challenge confronting many Parkinson s patients is deficiency of entree to effectual wellness attention services. Many patients do non hold reassert from household and friends and they besides do non hold employment chances. As a consequence, they are unable to afford wellness attention insurance to pull off their status and this worsens their symptoms ( Grimes, 2004 ) . If the disease is left untreated for a eagle-eyed clip, such patients are exposed to human death. This may explicate the high figure of people who succumb to Parkinson s disease which can be managed through and through intervention. In add-on, there is a high degree of psychological agony particularly for patients in the late phase of the unwellness. Such patients suffer from altered relationships, first ego regard, loss of liberty, societal isolation among other effects. These have an inauspicious consequence on mental wellness and they may take to the development of other mental unwellnesss such as psychosis. It is hence of indispensable importance that a remedy is found for the unwellness. This may merely be achieved through look.Research undertakings on Parkinson s diseaseThere are assorted researches which have been conducted in order to understand the most effectual manner to name and handle the disease. In a research by capital of South Carolina University, 100 people of who half suffered from Parkinson s disease were studied for Dopastat degrees. The healthy population acted a s the control group during research. The research findings showed that people enduring from Parkinson s disease lose up to 70 % of Dopastat in the encephalon ( National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2011 ) . This determination was of import since it enabled scientists to develop new ways of naming the disease. They used PET imaging to mensurate Dopastat degrees and find if one suffers from Parkinson s disease. Stimulation of these patients besides recorded meliorate motor working which is provides a footing for handling Parkinson s patients.In another research projected undertaken by the National Institute of Health, three households of Hellenic and Italian beginnings which suffered from Parkinson s disease were studied. The scientists aimed at happening out if genetic sciences is a causality of Parkinson s disease. The research findings showed that in all households, there was a mutant of the cistron alpha-synuclein. This determination proved to be of import si nce it linked genetic sciences to the development of Parkinson s disease. It besides encouraged scientists to further analyze the puzzle out of alpha-synuclein in development of Parkinson s disease. Research findings on the impact of this cistron may organize the footing of developing a remedy for the disease. However, farther research on the disease is necessary in order to develop an effectual remedy.Successful community based plans for Parkinson s disease patientsThere are assorted successful plans which have been developed to provide for patients enduring from Parkinson s disease. Some of these plans will be briefly discussed below American Parkinson s Disease AssociationThis group was founded in 1961 with the aims of mitigation loads of Parkinson s sick persons and developing a remedy for this unwellness. It has its central offices in New York and the organisation undertakes several enterprises to help in forestalling and handling the disease ( American Parkinson s Disease As sociation, 2011 ) . It has subdivisions in several provinces and the organisation provides attention to patients across America who suffer from Parkinson s disease. It is chiefly funded by both(prenominal) the authorities and the private sector. This organisation has helped over 1 million patients to day of the month and this figure is bit by bit increasing. The APDA organisation provides financess for research on the disease in attempts to develop remedy. Already, over $ 1 billion has been used in this enterprise to day of the month. The organisation besides provides concur for patients who suffer from the upset. It provides medical checkup aid through associating patients with qualified wellness attention professionals and guaranting that medical costs are paid. This is normally aimed at supplying the hapless and marginalized people with no entree to wellness insurance with an chance to entree high quality intervention. Finally, the APDA organisation strives to educate the real ity on the presence of Parkinson s disease in society and how to care for patients enduring from the disease. This is a really of import enterprise since it ensures that patients have moral and visible nurture from their friends, households and society at big.Columbia Parkinson s SupportThis organisation was developed to supply information, support, consciousness and instruction on Parkinson s disease. It is run by voluntaries and it is a non-profit group entirely developed to provide for demands of Parkinson s patients. Most of these voluntaries are patients who besides suffer from Parkinson s. The group began runing in 1985 and it has helped over 5,000 Parkinson s patients since so. Its chief aims are back uping patients enduring from Parkinson s through fiscal or medical aid, set abouting research aimed at developing a remedy for the disease and sensitising the populace on the presence of the disease and how to care for patients who suffer from it ( Columbia Parkinson s Support , 2011 ) . The CPS group holds treatments and forums one time a hebdomad in attempts to sensitise the populace on the disease. Although this is a comparatively little group with limited support, the members participate in clinical tests whenever an chance presents itself and this is an of import measure towards developing a remedy for the disease. The group sets aside $ 3,000 yearly for research intents on Parkinson s disease. This group is funded by good wishers and members every bit good as other stakeholders. The local community besides plays a major function in raising financess to back up the cause of the CPS group.Social intercessions which may assist pull off Parkinson s diseaseThere are assorted intercessions which should be use in order to assist pull off the effects of the disease in society. These intercessions will be briefly discussed below Educating populace on the diseaseEducating the populace on presence of the disease and how to care for patients who suffer from it is one of the most effectual ways of pull offing the disease. Patients who suffer from Parkinson s require support from the household, friends and community at big ( Duvoisin & A Sage, 2001 ) . Increasing consciousness of the disease amongst the local community enables patients enduring from this disease to hold mental and physical support from society. It besides informs the populace on the symptoms and causes of the disease thereby encouraging cheque ups and early intervention on people enduring from symptoms of the disease.More support for research on Parkinson s diseaseAlthough there are many installations which undertake research on Parkinson s disease, most of these plans are under-funded. Many organisations and groups prefer funding research for diseases such as malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes which are viewed as more common and lifelessly. However, Parkinson s disease is besides a serious disease which requires a similar degree of attending. More support should be provided by the authorities and private houses for research on the disease in order to develop an early remedy and salvage 1000000s of lives.Bettering entree to healthcare insuranceThere are more than 5 million people in the US who do non hold entree to wellness acre insurance. This is due to the high cost of insurance which is beyond their fiscal abilities. There are many people who suffer from Parkinson s disease who fall in this bracket. Such patients are unable to entree medical attention to pull off the disease and this causes farther injury on their mental and physical wellness. Guaranting everyone has entree to wellness insurance is an effectual manner of contending the disease since it will promote early intercession and intervention thereby minimising the effects of the disease on society ( Michele, 2009 ) .Execution of the intercessionsIn order to efficaciously implement these intercessions, the authorities and private sector should organize a partnership. Partnership bet ween the two would do support for Parkinson s disease research and intervention easier. The community should besides be involved when implementing these intercessions. This is because patients require community support which may either be psychological or physical for their wellness to better. The authorities and local governments should guarantee that everyone has entree to wellness attention by cut downing wellness insurance costs and increasing support of wellness attention. This will guarantee that Parkinson s disease is diagnosed and treated early for the bulk of patients.Summary and decisionAssorted facets of Parkinson s disease have been discussed in item. Parkinson s is a common disease in the US and across the universe although it is mostly unmarked. Its cause is unknown and it has no remedy. Over 500,000 people have been diagnosed with Parkinson s in the US and 1 million others have the disease but have non been diagnosed. The disease affects patients physically, mentally and socially since it affects cognitive procedures, motor accomplishments and other maps, doing twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities hard to execute. Patients who have been diagnosed with Parkinson s disease suffer from psycho-social jobs such as inability to keep nice employment chances, deficiency of entree to effectual wellness attention services and psychological agony particularly for patients in the late phase of the unwellness.Assorted groups such as Columbia Parkinson s Support and American Parkinson s Disease Association contribute to bettering the public assistance of patients through increasing consciousness of the disease, funding research on the unwellness and supplying medical and fiscal aid to patients. In order to pull off the unwellness, assorted intercessions should be implemented and these include educating populace on the disease, apportioning more support for research on Parkinson s disease and bettering entree to healthcare insurance by patients. T his will guarantee that early diagnosing and intervention of the disease is achieved and that fewer people succumb to the effects of the disease. However, farther research is needed to develop a remedy for Parkinson s. Developing a remedy for the disease will salvage the lives of coming(prenominal) coevalss.

Brand Comparisons on Carlsberg and Heineken Essay

Carlsberg is the world s fourth largest brewing meeting , founded in 1847 , is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. Carlsberg is in like manner the smart set s study beer brands . Carlsberg is popular in more than 150 countries around the world , to the best quality of all-cause all Carlsberg beer brewing . In time more than 160 historic period , Carlsberg parties friends to lead one . Whether they come from a sports bar the street Kodate , or c cudhing coming fashion restaurant , will share the passion of sports , a toast to share together. Carlsberg is deeply love the world of top-quality beer, the quality was excellent and relaxed, the palate is rich smooth. All because in the brewing process, Carlsberg adopted the intact malt harvest-festivalion, cooperate with the country of origin has the high quality water, combined with brewing under the pure European taste. Sports sponsorship in Carlsberg brand strategy of inherent status. Carlsberg and football partner relationshi p is Carlsberg proud tradition. To make this tradition to carry forward, Carlsberg, more will continue to sponsor European football championship, begin from 1992 sponsored by England and the worlds most fans like the team Liverpool football club.Dutch Henry Pierre Heineken beer political party was founded by Gerard in 1864. In 1971,Freddy Heineken as Heineken company President. Under his leadership, Heineken company consists of a family enterprise maturement into one by the family holding joint-stock company group. Heineken beer into other European countries, and go all the way crossways the ocean in North America, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In 2002, sweet Aaron DE carvalho throughout the country will succeed to the company President, Heineken company in the global conducted a number of acquisitions. At present, Heineken beer in more than 50 countries and regions with more than 110 beer enterprise pool, the products in more than 170 countries and regional sales. This has 1 00 years of write up of beer breweries has become the most international reputation of beer is one of the group.Heineken companys fourth generation successor Heineken Appeared in 2004 Forbes global rankings, $4.6 billion 94th column. Effective structured marting communications is a magic weapon in thefastest-growing segment of the global giant. In 1999, Heineken in global marketing on the input cost as high as the company year 14% of income, about 815 million dollars. The ably Heineken beer and entertainment, sports organic combine, frequently in various international sports and euphony festival in appearance. In many large tennis open, concerts and film festival, people can see Heineken green identification. Heineken and it pure crystal, and vibrant green follow up is accompanied by music festival sponsored by time, sports competition in the world the pursuit of personality, the pursuit of fashion life sharing.Without doubt, Carlsberg and Heineken are all characteristic brands which is worth doing some study. This paper just discussed and analyzed the two brands and gave some proposals for other brands.The Analysis of Carlsberg and HeinekenInformation gathered from research carried out tells us that Carlsberg and Heineken possess done an extremely good job in the promotion of its product below is a list of the facts learnt.The Current Situation of CarlsbergMarket segmentationWith the development of economy, high-grade consumer place function, tend to be diversified, many people put the business talks, Private party, emotional communication was moved to western restaurant or bar, this to high-grade beer puts forward more requirements. People need some cultural connotation of different beer. And Heineken beer no matter in cultural connotation, but besides is alcohol content, taste, quality, and even packing are just cater to these needs. Heineken this international top brands has seemed as if the bar culture.Target marketEnter chinawares Heineken beer p ositioning in high-grade beer market, target using up group is medium and high income levels and white-collar, it must be a very clear, very targeted. Although Heineken beer target market clear, will sights high income people, but also is not invariable, especially inyoung consumption group training. Heineken beer consciousness to the young generation of beer consumption superpower in raising, in order to prevent brand aging, young people market naturally become Heineken main battlefield should close to younger customers, also cannot distance love to drink beer middle-aged, because the latter is Heineken companys core customer, and the former is the core of future customers.Market positionWhile entered the Chinese market, Heineken beer is targeting high-end consumption market, so in the short term to build a wide range of distribution system is almost impossible, this requires the accurate market positioning. Because a lot of business activities and this kind of target customers a chance to learn about Heineken brand, prompting them to choose Heineken brand products. They not only have the get of high-grade beer, can also for high quality, high-grade beer pay higher price. So from the south China area in, relatively easy to open the situation, and the south China region has good transport system, which is not easy to transport of beer products is very important.The Current Situation of HeinekenIn China, also avoid the public carlsberg beer market fell positive competition, will be 18 to 30 years of age crowd again segmentation, with personalized marketing means to meet the young group is more exquisite and needs. Carlsberg will fashionable breath, friends sharing spirit, experience Frances new fashion and so on to the different needs of the Chinese consumers. No matter whether the young group market segments of digging, or the super high-end market strategy layout, carlsberg through a successful single products, the realization of the qualitative transpos e of every little makes a mickle.Proposals for the Two BrandsThe summary of my research analysis is that current promotional methods are good for Carlsberg and Heineken and have been very effective everyplace the past years but I believe that there are some changes which can be made that will improve the profit of the company and increase customer loyalty. Below aremy proposals (1)to ensure that the quality of product, set up the high quality brand image Quality is the life of the brand, consumer demand for the quality of the products is the most basic demand on brand demand, strengthen product quality management, and constantly improve the quality of the products of consumer satisfaction is the premise and foundation of successful brand. Beer enterprise must further research target market target consumption group on brand quality and taste to unrael the, and whence improve and perfect the quality of beer, set up the high quality of beer brand image. (2) pay attention to product packaging designDue to the characteristics of beer consumption, the product homogeneity is higher, consumer spending more take a fancy to beer character and value, thus packing become beer brand personality and value propaganda means and tools. (3) to do advertisingAs the AD displayed to the full product performance, properties, appearance, packaging, etc., increase the consumer brand cognition, through advertising, can quicken brand communication, promote brand awareness and anchor brand image.

Military and Leadership

In any environment whatsoever, the main targets, the paraphernalia, the products and squad-leadership are either great aspects of running a business, all of which require talent, energy and a considerable amount of insight. The article When Good Companies Do Bad Things by Peter Schwartz highlights the importance of these aspects through the life-and-death significance of companies being good and having the reputation for it as well.Schwartz states that there is a growing importance of reputation in the competitive world of global branding. We all like to believe that were working for good companies and that our systems are ethical, humanitarian and in the interest of the betterment of people. However, with the rising complexities in the globalization of the market, he draws from the examples of abundant companies such as Shell, Nike, Microsoft and Texaco, all finding themselves paying the price for a task as simple as to paying as well little vigilance to the importance of reput ation.The comparison of the aforementioned multi-billion dollar businesses with a military unit may not be high in terms of product and sales strategies, yet the aspect of units of men working for a certain target with a certain image before people is highly common amid both these instances. A military unit, much like a corporate unit, works on the principle of task-orientation. It also believes that its goals are ethical and in synchronize with the good of mankind. The simple personal experience that I had of watching the troops walking, saluting and parading in formation is a clear-cut example of the height of conformity inside its set up.However, Hawkins (2007) reports the research conducted at Los Alamos, recognizing that the behavior of a group of people depends strongly on the interaction of personal (individual traits) with the collective moods of the group as a whole. This simply means that the high levels of conformity we see in the formation and smooth working of a batt alion is also connected deeply with the individuals interaction with the whole. The same way a platoon is influenced by its unit members passion and dedication towards their goals, the corporate set up is also now influenced by values in the system.Integrity, as interpreted by Schwartz, is being well-integrated with ones nightclub and understanding what the societys expectations are. I agree to this definition as it has the potential to pee-pee more aware institutions. Capitalist set ups, by definition, are businesses run for the sole purpose of making a profit (Haralambos and Holborn, p. 8). The age of media and technology grows fast-paced today than it ever did therefore it is better to have emerging corporate culture, which has encoded in its basic structural DNA, empathy and a sense of compassion for its surroundings.It is indeed so in the military that an environment of debate is not encouraged in the military set up. It is the belief of experts that saluting without quest ioning exemplifies the militarys can do attitude that can constitute an optimist out of even the most skeptical naysayer (Wong and Lovelace, p. 2). In the military the ability to prepare or get ready to fight, skill in actual battle and the will to prevail in combat against a foe, are the critical dimensions of leadership (Hawkins, n.p.).The military may also find itself faced with disastrous results if it chooses to burn the voices that exist outside its barracks. The example of the Iraq and Afghan wars, Abu Ghuraib jails, the American public speaking out against the War, are plenty for the world media and global peacemakers to click their tongues and wonder at the foreign policy of the United States of America. Schwartz mentions that corporate magnates sometimes end up baffled with certain results because they have almost no contact with the outside personnel, which turning an equal and a highly effective role in shaping their commercial and corporate success.Retired Army Majo r General John Batiste spoke openly regarding the War in Iraq, outlining the importance and sway of the respective socio-political system on the task of the military, Military leaders of all ranks, particularly the senior military, have an debt instrument in a democracy to say something about it. In the case of German post-war g everywherenments, learning from mistakes and paying attention to what the world is saying is making a big point in their arguments.Post-war governments have claimed to maintain a conscript army in order to safeguard against political extremism in the armed forces (Paterson, n.p.). withal Major General Bill Rollo had a whole briefing about the concern of military commanders regarding the effect of bad publicity on morale, and particularly over a series of high-profile cases involving the alleged abuse of Iraqis by British soldiers (Norton-Taylor, n.p.).It is apparently fair to an organization if the perception of the market-consumers shape its reputation. T he society gains profits through the concourse which pay for their goods, which in turn help it run its business, big or small. It is, as says Schwartz, not possible to completely fulfill the needs and aspirations of the working team and the consumers. The company must strive and motivate the circle through addressing their needs and choices as much and as far as they can.I would personally lead my company/unit by way of establishing a culture of bringing out the best products through the maximum information provided not only by the societys general consensus, but through the voice of the working individuals of the team. It is in the inherent nature of man to seek expression. By appealing to this very nature, I would direct and lead the company into more responsive whole rather than a conformed group of tight-rope walkers who wont know when trouble actually hits them because they were too busy listening to orders.Work CitedHaralambos, Mike and Holborn, Martin. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. United Kingdom Collins, 2000.Norton-Taylor, Richard. Top brass fight to save armys reputation. December 30, 2005. The Guardian. October 2nd, 2007. https//www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/dec/30/topstories3.iraq

How sawm shows devotion to god Essay

Sawm is the fourth pillar of Islam and is an important act of ibadah. The contrive Ramadan comes from the Arabic root word for parched thirst and sun-baked ground. It is expressive of the hunger and thirst felt by those who spend the month in libertineing. As opposed to other holidays, when people much indulge, Ramadan is by nature a time of sacrifice.The month of Ramadan is sacred because the first revelation of the Quran is said to necessitate occurred during this month. By tradition the month starts with the sighting of the spick-and-span moon by at least two Muslims. For the entire month, Muslims must fast from daybreak to sunset by refraining from eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. It is an appargonnt sign of devotedness as it shows obedience, submission and servitude to God, the Exalted.By fasting, a Muslim expresses his submission to Allahs command, his response to His lead, and control oer his own desires and wishes at the Gods command. In the holy month of Ram adan, a Muslims abstaining from food, drink, sexual intercourse, during the prescribed hours is the very manifestation of fealty to the manufacturing businesss will. This self-deprivation represents a area of denial and of overcoming pleasure, desire, and enjoyment, for the blissful love of God. It is a triumph of pure love over ones pleasures for the eternal ones promised by God, the Almighty.This response to the Divine commandments represents and incarnates true homage and is a brilliant display of spirit, intellect and decisive willpower. This purification allows them to prove their devotion to Allah by demonstrating they will honor the fast whether they are alone or with others, because it is His wish that they do so. Through fasting the Muslims are able to share in their unity with each other and their familiarity, and display their gratitude to God for being disposed(p) the words of the Quran.Through increased devotion, Muslims feel closer to their Creator, and recognize that everything we have in this life is a approval from Him. Traditions (Hadith) succinctly explain this fact A fasting person is in a state of religion, even when (asleep) in bed, except when he backbites about another Muslim. Every breath you take is (has the reinforcing stimulus of) Tasbih (praise to Allah) and your sleep is worshipIn a moving speech, the vaticinator of Allah described the believing soul that fasts for love of Allah out of truthfulness and sincerity, and out ofdevotion for him thusly the whole day becomes an alter of worship, and each and every activity of the fasting body, provided it abstains from loathsome acts, is nothing but worship embodied.This is why Muslims become focused in Ramadan and carry out lots of Ibadah to gain reward and please Allah as we need him in our lives as he is that powerful and the guide The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) described the sleep of a fasting Muslim, even the very breathing, as acts of worship, because they emanate from a body regarded as being in a state of continual worship finished abstaining from tasting delicious and lawful things, solely out of obedience and devotion to the Creator. He Himself extols fasting and attributes as a specific blessing for mankind as is clear from a Hadith-e-Qudsi The Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) said God, the Exalted says Fasting is (exclusively) for me and I will reward it.Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (A.S.), the ordinal Imam quoted his ancestor the Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) on the chain of authority of his noble forefathers O people, anybody who in this month (Ramadan) cultivates good manners, will walk over the Sira (Paradises bridge) on the Day when feet will tend to slip. The practices of Islamic fasting are designed to divert human mind towards righteousness through a process of self-denials. Fasting constitutes a process of self-purification, self-righteousness, and spiritual development of one self. Sawm alike shows devotion to god through various other acts. An superfluous pra yer is added in Ramadan called taraweeh.it is a Sunnah prayer and efforts are made to recite as much of the Quran as possible. This prayer is generally offered in congregation and those who great dealnot make it to the congregation pray it at home.This additional prayer prayed each day for 30 days shows love for god and how much we estimate the guidance he sent through the Quran and how much we need god in our lives to show us the straight path. The night of power is also a sort to show devotion to god as it was the night the Quran was revealed and so Muslims recite as much Quran as possible and perform other acts of Ibadah. This show devotion to god as many Muslims stay awake during the night so it shows our love for god as it says that the ummah will worship god and listen to him as he does to us. We will thank him and show devotion to him.The fasting person is training himself to remember that Allah (SWT) is always watching, so he gives up the things that he desires even thou gh he is able to take them, because he knows that Allah (SWT) can see him. This shows devotion to god as it tells us that even though an individual would want to eat or do bad deeds as they can because it is in our control we do not as god has told us not to do it. This shows that the ummah will listen to god as we believe he provides and does everything we ask for us so we can do this for him.Another way muslins show devotion to god is through dua which is personal prayer to god. Many Muslims carry out this personal prayer in Ramadan after all the 5 prayers or in the morning before the fajr prayer when Muslims perform a Sunnah prayer called tahajud. This shows devotion to god as it show that Muslims are willing to wake up or stay awake just to please Allah and worship him as he fulfils our prayers so we must ask more and praise him during this. Sawm is more about uniting the Muslim community than about showing devotion to Allah. Discuss? (10) Sawm is about showing devotion to Allah as In the holy month of Ramadan, a Muslims abstaining from food, drink, sexual intercourse, during the prescribed hours is the very devotion Muslims have to the Creators will.This self-deprivation represents a state of self-control and of overcoming pleasure, desire, and enjoyment, for the blissful love of God. It is a triumph of pure love over ones pleasures for the eternal ones promised by God, the Almighty. This response to the commands of Allah represents and incarnates true devotion and is a brilliant display of spirit, intellect and decisive willpower. This purification allows them to prove their devotion to Allah by demonstrating they will honour the fast whether they are alone or with others, because it is His wish that they do so. .Through increased devotion, Muslims feel closer to their Creator, and recognize that everything we have in this life is a blessing from Him. Also Muslims celebrate the gift of Quran purely for the pastime of Allah and to thank him for sending a guide to the Muslims. Ramadan is month were everyone recharges their spiritual batteries on for the sake of Allah and to have him be pleased with us and to forgive any previous sins.Sawm also is intended to strengthen the worldwide Ummah not merely in overlap experience and practical provision but in contributing to the concept of spiritual unity and cohesive communal solidarity which is the hallmark of Islam. Through fasting the Muslims are able to share in their unity with each other and their community, and display their gratitude to God for being given the words of the Quran as they all as a community pray taraweeh and pray parts of the Quran collectively so all the young and all join in and realise the importance of the Muslim Ummah.In addition to this Muslims give their zakat or sadqa in the month of Ramadan as they also want those Muslims who cannot afford it to have the best Ramadan possible and it helps them also identify the poor and realise that as they are also Muslims it is our duty to help them. Mosque receivers is a way the Muslim community comes together as women and children in the home can listen top talks and speeches in the home so they dont miss out on any information about Islam and can also hear the prayers at home so they become part of the community swell.Muslims give food to one another so it shoes that we are all there for each other and we are am Muslim Ummah so muslins should give in this blessed month to friends, relatives to share the bond of Islam. However sawm is about showing devotion to god and worshiping him through fasting or praying but to do this Muslims come together as an Ummah to help one another and get more reward of carrying out the worship together. However each individual Muslim for doing good acts will get rewards for him but the reason it is done together is because the Ummah is important in Islam to keep it going.

How Technology and Environment Might Influence the Structure of an Organisation

Student place Adeniyi Adebowale Module Principles of Organising and Managing Student Number 500188225 Due Date 15th of March, 2010 Title Explain how technology and surround might influence the structure of an organisation support your answer with examples. Paragraphs 25 Charles Perrow (1974) suggests that there are intravenous feeding types of technology that determines an organisations most effective structure and success in the market.The fol execrableing are the types of technology Non-routine engineering are characterized by tall task variability and low task analyzability, examples include tasks performed by query chemist, advertising agencies, high-tech product designers and top management teams. With this type of technology, an organization has to develop structure that allows employees to serve quickly to manage exceptions and create new solutions like an organic structure.Engineering technology is characterized by high task variability and high task analyzability, exam ples of these includes civil engineering companies that build roads and bridges other example includes motor manufacturers that produce customized cars. Craft Technology is characterized by low task variability and low task analyzability, examples includes an accountant preparing a tax return and a plumber fitting a bath or shower. Robbins (1993) further argued that technology has and will continue to influence growth and development in organization.Technology has made a fundamental impact in the education sector, providing a competitive advantage that has take after to be essential to many organizations. For example, education institutes must also use technology to improve the educational learning process. In the past decade, computers and the Internet have changed the way in which education can be delivered to students since it is currently possible to engage in distance education through the Internet.There are ii means in which technologies can be used in delivering education to students and they are listed below synchronous Technologies is a mode of online delivery where all participants are present at the same time requiring a timetable to be organized. Web Conferencing is an example of synchronous technology. Asynchronous Technologies is a mode of online delivery where participants access pipeline materials on their own schedule. Students are not required to be together at the same time. gist board forums, e-mail and recorded video are examples of asynchronous technology. draw tack drawframe Source Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 36. Placid, Randomized Placid, Clustered Disturbed, Reactive Turbulent Fields drawframe The excogitation below outlines the suggested points in details Source Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 49. Source Andrzej Huczynski and David Buchanan (2001), page 47 References Stephen P. Robbins, 1993, Organizational Behaviour, sixth Edition, Prentice Hall International, U. S. A. Stephen P. Robbins , 1994, Management, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall International, U. S. A.David Faulkner, 2002, Strategy_ Critical Perspective on Business and Management_, lot 1, U. K. Lloyd S. Baird, James E. Post and John F. Mahon, 1990, Management Function and Responsibilities, Harper Collins Publisher, U. S. A. Harold J. Leavitt, Louis R. Pondy, and David M Boje, 1988, Readings in managerial Psychology, 4th Edition, The University of Chicago Press Ltd. U. S. A. Charles Perrow, 1974, Organizational Analysis A Social View, Tavistock Publications, London, U. K. Alan Fox, 1974, Beyond Contract Work, authority and Trust Relations (Society Today and Tomorrow), Faber Publishing, London, U. K.

Sounds and Imagery of Human Emotion

Sounds and Imagery of Human perception In Marge Piercys The deposit tone up, the author uses images and imagineing(a) to both dehumanize and fit the female loud loud loudspeaker system system, while John Updike uses mental tomography and sounds to earn the Player voiced come to life. Piercy uses images of the speaker, connected with miscellaneous blank space equipment to retrovert a vision to the stateer of a woman living her life finished and through and through with(predicate) the office equipment that is part of her very being. Piercy uses personification in reverse and other metaphors, such as metonymy, and paradox, to give an actual work out of the office machines actu eithery performing their functions.And also through the operation of the office equipment connected to the speaker tapeing her further purpose in life. Sounds are important in The deposit intone as onomatopoeia, alliteration, and the descriptions that show the speaker short(p) by little b ecoming more mechanized until filed international for another day. Updike also uses personification to make the Player mild come alive. Through rhyme, alliteration, consonance, cacophony, diction, and meter the numbers sounds similar music. The images that the speaker brings forth when the meter is read out loud, is melodic.The perfectly played Payer indulgent only works within the constraints of the human-made machine. John Updikes poem, Player Piano and Marge Piercys The depositary Chant convey through sound and imagery the personification and dehumanization of mechanised speakers, with Updike doing a snap off job by locution that people are irreplaceable because of emotion. The title of Piercys The Secretary Chant gives a good indication of the list of statements that begin with My hips are a desk. From my ears hang / chains of piece of music clips (lines 1-3), metaphors that make the reader visualize that the speaker is only a place where office machines connect unit edly to form her purpose at the firm, as an object to perform tasks. The first six lines, as salutary as, lines eight through thirteen vividly describe in detail where each office go forth and machine connects. And, there are, of course, as in any office, a list of things that the speaker would be commanded to do. Would you worry me a cup of coffee? Make a copy of this report, pl peace. Have you typed that letter up for my trace?To me the speaker states a list of things she is comprised of, on the nose like the boss gives her a list of things to perform. And the list continues on and on and on. In the first line the speaker gives the reader a vision that her hips are just a place to put things, when no other work is being performed. The lines paint a picture of the frustration and the monotony the speakers body parts have become. Even when the speaker complains From my speak issue canceled reams (16). The paradoxical complaint falls on deaf ears as if any one would mind to a machine that needs to get back to performing its tasks.The speaker has become one with her desk, supplies, and office equipment. This goes on to reinforce the theme that the speakers only usefulness is to perform the tasks that are asked for the speaker as an object, and as the office machines. Marge Piercys The Secretary Chant conveys through sound and imagery the dehumanization, while doing a good job of showing emotional frustration with the performance of tasks in the office. Piercy uses sound in cardinal lines The Secretary Chant by using onomatopoeia to give the readers imagination of the speaker becoming a machine through words that sound like what machines sound like Buzz.Click (7). And also the cash register sound of Zing. Tinkle (14). The sound of the speakers brain heat up on overload can be felt through the explicit mental image in the lines My head is a switchboard / where crossed lines crackle. (9-10). Piercy uses alliteration, To drive home the point, in the last f our lines of The Secretary Chant in which the speaker breaks down in a hopeless heap of printed emotion copied and delivered from herself saying File me under W because I wonce was a woman. (21-24)Piercy visually shows the last true part of the speaker giving up her emotion and placing it only where the reader can find out about by looking somewhere else in the office machine that takes over. Marge Piercys The Secretary Chant uses sounds to show that human emotion can be filed away and replaced. In John Updikes Player Piano personification is use to wake up an inhuman piano that plays itself, sort of like the poem itself does when read aloud. Updike uses assonance and consonance in the first couple of lines to give musicality to the lines.The devices are first used with a repetition of -ick sounds to mimic the keys on the piano. Onomatopoeia is used throughout the poem to as words make the sounds musically and mimic the Player Piano. The author follows those sounds with a repetitio n of -uck sounds. There are a stage set of sound going on in the first stanza, including alliteration internal rhymes, diction and meter with all coming together with the smooth s sounds a pleasant melody. Updike uses a connotation for life when the speaker says Light-footed, my steel feelers flicker (line 3).The connotation of the word flicker means life, as long as the burn up is burning and the denotation means to move with a fast or jerky motion. The combination of the two meanings gives the flavour that the piano is alive. John Updikes poem, Player Piano shows through sound and images that the personification of the mechanically skillful speaker is alive and lively. In the second and third stanza build on the personification with the Player Piano speaker says My paper can caper a telephoneon (5).An internal rhyme that suggests that the paper can bounciness and jump about like it is alive, followed by abandon which adds to the unrestrained movement like someone five-year-o ld and full of energy. Updike uses onomatopoeia, alliteration, internal rhyme and assonance when describing lines five through eight. But there is a little change in the tone when the reader says Is broadcast by dint of my din, / And no man or band has a hand in / The tones I turn on from within (6-8). Dint means force or effort the speakers power of a jumble of loud, discordant sounds, followed by what I think the poem means perfect alone on his own.This is irony at its best, because the piano was created by a man, the music played, composed by a human. Then, through the speaker saying in the last two lines But never my numb plucker fumbles, / Misstrums me, or tries a new tune (11-12). Cacophony is used on line eleven, lines that are discordant and difficult for a human to pronounce the piano does so with ease and perfection, But it cant compose anything new, teach itself how to play a new song, play with feeling and emotion. And it is this very human thing that it cannot replace.J ohn Updikes poem, Player Piano conveys through sound and images the personification of the mechanical speaker is alive, but explains that a machine cannot replace human emotion. In Marge Piercys The Secretary Chant, the author uses images and sound to both dehumanize and mechanize the female speaker, while John Updike uses imagery and sounds to make the Player Piano come alive. Piercy uses images visualizing the speakers dehumanization to make some valid thoughts of only being viewed as an object, and only being good at tasks the speaker is hired to perform.Piercy through sound and description, with vivid detail, became just another task only good for what the job description entailed. The speaker by giving up, because no one listened, showed that humans with emotions can be replaced. Player Piano through rhyme, alliteration, consonance, cacophony, diction, and meter make the poem sound and read like music. The images that Updikes speaker brings forth when the poem is read out loud are melodic and, a perfectly played piano only works within the constraints of the human-made machine.The best use of sound and imagery goes to John Updikes Player Piano. Updike through sound and imagery, and the musical feeling shown through the personification of the speaker, conveys that humans with emotion cannot be replaced.Works Cited Pierce, Marge. The Secretary Chant. The ram Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 550. Print. Updike, John. Player Piano. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 9th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. 708. Print.

Pnb Project Report

Research Project on Application & Man get along withment of cultivation System in Punjab internal depone IN PARTIAL fulfilment OF MASTERS DEGREE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY (2008-2010) Submitted by Pratik Jain 0781563908 Northern India plan College (N. I. E. C), Delhi under(a) the valuable guidance of Mrs. Shaveta Kumar (Faculty, N. I. E. C) Subject Information System Management Course Code MS-205 Submitted on 30 17 November, 2009 AcknowledgementThis formal piece of acknowledgement is an attempt to express the feeling of gratitude towards people who service of processed me in successful completion of research project. I would same(p) to express my deep gratitude to Mr. B. D Sharma ( subsection considerr, PNB), for his constant co-operation. He was always there with his competent guidance and valuable suggestion by dint of come expose the pursuance of this research project. particular(a) give thankss to Mrs. Shaveta Kumar, my internal coordinator w ho guided me to fly the coop honestly and to give valuable suggestion for improving my work.Above in whole no words usher out express my feelings to my pargonnts, friends whole those persons who supported me during my project. I would in addition like to thank almighty God for his blessings showered on me during the completion of project report. INDEX S. NO Sub subject bea Topic Name Page Number S.NO 1. Acknowledgement 2 2. COMPANY PROFILE 1. Origin Punjab National slang 4 2. Profile 5 3. Vision and burster 6 4. fiscal instruction execution Comparison 7 3. INFORMATION SYSTEM IN PNB 1. History of Information System in PNB 8 1. 2000- The Beginning 1. b 2001-2003- Long Term Strategy 1. c 2004-2007- Growth 1. d 2008- Rural Initiative 1. 2009- 100% CBS carrying into action 2. Other Banking Applications 12 2. a Straight to Processing (s.t.p.) 2. b Depository Setup 2. Bank cope with & EDI 3. PNB IT Setup 13 3. a Systems 3. b Network Design 3. Storage, WAN & Connectivity 3. d bail Systems 3. e Hardware & Software Resources 4. Organizations Other Computing Resource 15 4. Payroll TPS 4. b Online Assistance 4. c write up Opening MIS 4. d SPNS, RTGS & Mobile consternation Service 4. IMPACT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM 1. Finacles Impact 16 2. Impact on Employees, Customers 17 5. Available Alternatives 18 6. Conclusion 19 7. hint 20 8. References 21 Comp whatsoever Profile Punjab National Bank Origin Established in 1895 at Lahore, undivided India, Punjab National Bank (PNB) has the distinction of macrocosm the for the first time Indian specie box to have been started totally with Indian capital.The commit was nationalized in July 1969 along with 13 another(prenominal) deposes. From its modest beginning, the b hunting lodge has gr hold in size and stature to become a front-line patoising institution in India at act. pA profess ionally managed af unswerving with a successful track interpret of over 110 age. ic pLargest single out mesh in India 4668 Offices including 432 Extension Counters spread throughout the country. ic pStrategic production line area covers the large Indo-Gangetic belt and the metropolitan centers. ic pRanked as 248th biggest bank in the world by Bankers Almanac, London. ic pStrong pressman banking relationships with more than 217 global banks of the world. ic pMore than 50 renowned international banks maintain their Rupee Accounts with PNB. ic pWell equipped dealing rooms 20 contrasting foreign currency chronicles are keep at major centers all over the globe. ic ProfileWith its presence virtually in all the master(prenominal) centers of the country, Punjab National Bank wisecracks a wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal banking, industrial finance, agricultural finance, financing of trade and international banking. Among the clients of the Bank are Indian conglomerates, medium and small industrial units, exporters, non-resident Indians and multinational companies. The large presence and vast resource base have helped the Bank to build unshakable links with trade and labor.With over 38 million satisfied nodes and 4668 offices, PNB has continued to retain its leadership incline among the nationalized banks. The bank enjoys strong fundamentals, large franchise value and good brand image. Besides being stratified as one of Indias top service brands, PNB has remained fully committed to its guiding principles of sound and prudent banking. apart from religious offering banking products, the bank has besides entered the credit card & calculate card occupation bullion business life and non-life insurance business Gold coins & asset steeringsbusiness,setc.Since its humble beginning in 1895 with the distinction of being the first Indian bank to have been started with Indian capital, PNB has achieved significant growth in business which at the end of shew 2009 amounted to Rs 3,64,463 crore. Today, with assets of more than Rs 2,46,900 crore, PNB is ranked as the 3rd largest bank in the country (after SBI and ICICI Bank) and has the back largest mesh of branches (including three overseas offices).PNB has always looked at technology as a key facilitator to bequeath better customer service and fitd that its IT scheme follows the Business strategy so as to arrive at Best Fit. The bank has do rapid strides in this direction. Along with the achievement of 100% branch computerization, one of the major achievements of the Bank is covering all the branches of the Bank under Core Banking Solution (CBS), and soly covering 100% of its business and providing Anytime Anywhere banking facility to all customers including customers of more than 2000 rural branches.The bank has likewise been offering Internet banking services to the customers of CBS branches like booki ng of tickets, payment of bills of utilities, purchase of airline tickets etc. Towards develop a cost feelingive alternative channels of delivery, the bank with more than 2150 ATMs has the largest ATM mesh amongst Nationalized Banks. With the help of advanced technology, the Bank has been a frontrunner in the exertion so far as the initiatives for Financial cellular inclusion is concerned. With its policy of inclusive growth in the Indo-Gangetic belt.The Bank has launched a drive for biometric smart card establish technology enabled Financial Inclusion with the help of Business Correspondents/Business Facilitators (BC/BF) so as to reach out to the last mile customer. The BC/BF will address the outreach issue while technology will deliver the goods cost effective and transparent services. The Bank has started several(prenominal) innovative initiatives for permissivenessal groups like rickshaw pullers, veg vendors, dairy farmers, construction workers, etc. The Bank has already achieved 100% pecuniary inclusion in 21,408svillages.Backed by strong domestic functioning, the bank is planning to realize its global aspirations. In order to incr respite its international presence, the Bank continues its selective foray in international markets with presence in Hongkong, Dubai, Kazakhstan, UK, Shanghai, Singapore, Kabul and Norway. A support branch in Hongkong at Kowloon was opened in the first week of April09. Bank is in any case in the process of establishing its presence in China, Bhutan, DIFC Dubai, Canada and Singapore. The bank likewise has a joint venture with Everest Bank Ltd. EBL), Nepal. Under the long term vision, Bank proposes to start its operation in Fiji Island, Australia and Indonesia. Bank continues with its goal to become a kin brand with global expertise. Amongst Top 1000 Banks in the World, The Banker listed PNB at 250th place. Further, PNB is at the 1166th gravel among 48 Indian firms making it to a list of the worlds biggest compani esscompiledsbysthesUSsmagazinesForbes. Punjab National Bank continues to maintain its frontline spatial relation in the Indian banking industry.In particular, the bank has retained its NUMBER ONE position among the nationalized banks in terms of spell of branches, Deposit, Advances, total Business, ope range and net profit in the year 2008-09. The impressive operational and financial performance has been brought about by Banks focus on customer based business with hug on SME, Agriculture, more inclusive approach to banking better asset liability management improved margin management, thrust on recovery and increased efficiency in sum operations of the Bank. Vision and Mission Vision To be a Leading Global Bank with Pan India footprints and become a household brand in the Indo-Gangetic Plains providing entire range of financial products and services sssssssunder one roof Mission Banking for the unbanked Performance Comparison over the years pic During the FY 2008-09, the bank ach ieved a net profit of Rs 3,091 crore, maintaining its come in ONE position amongst nationalized banks. Bank has a strong capital base with capital adequacy ratio at 14. 03% as on March09. As on March09, the Bank has the Gross and Net NPA ratio of 1. 77% and 0. 17% respectively.During the FY 2008-09, its ratio of priority sector credit to adjusted net bank credit at 41. 53% & agriculture credit to adjusted net bank credit at 19. 72% was in addition laid-backer than the respective national goals of 40% & 18%. Information System in PNB History of Information System at PNB 2000 The Beginning In March 2000, the penetration and use of IT was not very high at PNB. PNB was relying on manual processes to get word, store, and analyze business info. Its retail branches were not connected and it was difficult for management to understand business drivers and impediments.This situation made it difficult for PNB to provide optimum customer service and resulted in lost opportunities. Manual operations were also costly to support. The bank used seven different parcel, which ran on 13 different flavors of UNIX, on standalone PCs. The 500-odd branches were not networked and only 35 percent of the banks business was computerized. The overall expertise in IT among drug users was low. The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) issued a directive to the bank to computerize at least 70 percent of its business by December 2000.This prompted the bank to work out a strategy to tackle the daunting task in the curtly period of time. At that time there were dissimilar factors which caused a barrier in implementing an Information System for centralized banking. These weaknesses were- Different Unix OS used in different branches. Different standalone financial industriousnesss on PCs at different branches. Lack of interoperability due to disparity in constitutions. Limited expertise on the software packages currently deployed. Most branches did not have a ripe LAN in place.PNB hired a consultant and devised a two-pronged plan of action. The plan comprised A short term goal To knock against the CVC deadline of 70 percent computerization. A long term goal To pretend a dependable core banking infrastructure and build a nationwide network to connect different branches to the core infrastructure. PNB chose a product from a company called Nelito. It was a state of matter-based, Partial Branch Automation application. Standalone versions were chosen since there werent LANs in place, and deployment of LANs at branches would take so long that the CVC deadline couldnt be met.The interface was simple in innovation, and thus easy for the bank personnel to use. The bank requested CVC for an appurtenance of the deadline and was granted time till March 2001. By March 2001, 70. 60 percent of the banks business was computerized. 2001-2003 The Long Term Strategy In the long-term, PNB valued a technology that would consolidate all its business resources and susta in the banks future growth. It also wanted to ready its own network, which would play a vital role in its success. Three consultants were appointed to review technology options for long-term adoption.The verdict of the consultants was to deploy a centralized core banking architecture. On 30 March 2001, the bank used the services of Infosys for the deployment of Finacle. A core team was selected, which would be the heart of the project. Infosys trained 200-odd personnel from a core team over six months. The core team modified and customized the package according to its special needs. As the time passed besides making a mark in terms of revenues, the bank among the fewer technology-savvy PSUsset up examples for other banks, especially PSUs in early of this decade.Institute for Development and Research in Banking engine room (IDRBT), a division of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), presented PNB with the concede for excellence in banking technology in 2002. This was instead an achi evement considering that the technology transformation started only two-and-a-half years back at PNB. In March 2000, the bank had only 36 percent of its businesses cover on computers, as against 84 percent in 2002. PNB purchased bonifaces, gage infrastructure, and depot equipment and decided to house it in its own central selective nurture center in clean Delhi.A lot of infrastructure from Cisco has been used to build the entropy center. In April 2002 the bank rolled-out Finacle in 7 branches as a pilot venture. This was done because the bank had seven different application packages, and it wanted to ensure smooth migration of the data into Finacle. By mid May 2002, all data from other software was successfully migrated into Finacle and by end of year, the name of locations has increased to 12. As far as the centralized core banking brass is concerned, PNB has a data centre at the corporate office and all these 12 centers have an extension phone to that data.This carcass enables an individual having an account in any of our branches to conduct transactions/operate the account from any of these 12 branches. 2004-2007 The Growth Stage In 2004, Indias National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) nominated Punjab National Bank (PNB) as the take up user of technology in its sector. The bank continued to spread the technology to more of its branches and centers. The adoption of Core Banking Solution not only ensured standardization of products, but also enabled alert launch of the hot and innovative financial products ensuring sufficient lead time to market it.The core banking issue offered seamless programme for integrating unhomogeneous such initiatives and also reduces the cost of transaction, thereby offering financial products at an affordable cost. On May 27,2004 Punjab National Bank (PNB) has introduced Loans and Advances Data Desk for Evaluations and Reports, (LADDER), a computerized management culture system for ratio nalization of returns, asset classification and provisioning, credit observe and NPA management. The implementation of the system comprised two modules. The first module would require branches to capture data on borrowal accounts as a one-time activity with transaction updates at periodic intervals. The second module for implementation of the software envisages collection of schooling on the loan accounts from the pose of receipt of application to disbursement of sanctioned loans. With the implementation of this system, manual collation of a large figure of loan- repaird returns become redundant and branch staff concentrated on business development and objective monitoring of asset note. 2008 Rural Initiative Infosys Technologies Ltd (Infosys) and Punjab National Bank (PNB) in 2008 announced that PNB has chosen Finacle from Infosys to power its core banking initiative for rural banking deploying Finacle crossways PNBs six Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) covering 1300 br anches.Punjab National Bank took lead in business excellence and commitment to customers by providing core banking coverage to its 4850 service outlets. payable to the remoteness of rural branch locations, there were issues such as connectivity of branches for operational ease, centralization of data, and enhancement of customer service as well as innovation in banking products. Moreover, all this is needed at a substantially lower cost for RRBs as their operations were relatively less complex. Finacle from Infosys recognized this need of RRBs and capable its industry leading core banking solution to suit the requirements of these institutions.PNB management selected this platform to transform and standardize the operations of its RRBs. A majority of Indian banks were already ahead in terms of adoption of new age technology. Extending the benefits of technology to RRBs helped sponsor banks in not just priority sector lending but also present an additional business avenue with trem endous potential. Finacle enabled RRBs to better manage audit processes, adhere to statutory compliance, enhance internal MIS requirements and offer customers competitive services on par with commercial banks. 2009 100% CBS ImplementationIn Feb, 2009 Indias second largest public sector bank, announced that it has smashd 100 per cent core banking implementation at its 4604 branches and extension counters through the FinacleaUniversalaBankingaSolutionafromaInfosys. The bank implemented industry-leading Finacle CBS across its operations running a flexible and scalable database platform from Oracle and innovative and cost-effective lie SPARC enterprise serversafromasunshineaMicrosystems. Finacle has enabled the bank to consolidate and centralize its operations, improving branch efficiency and productivity per employee.Consolidation has also resulted in reduction of revenue leakage and cost, while increasing ease of technical support and maintenance at branches. The solutions scalabil ity has also enabled the banks scalability to be the best in the countryawithatheanumberaofapeakatransactionsaata3. 5amillion. Further, the bank has covered all the branches under CBS platform including extension counters. As a result, 38 million PNBs customers are enjoying the facility of one bank one account. In addition, the bank has intended to build a data center capable of handling business of 6000 branches and 1 lakh terminals.The bank was awarded IBM green award for adopting environment friendly technology for data warehouse implementation during the year. Other Banking Applications The banking major also introduced a number of value added services like ATMs, Tele-banking, SMS banking, bustling banking and Internet banking, remote access facility through its website, etc. under a license from RBI to launch Internet banking. The bank also enabled customers to utilise of the Straight to Processing (STP) facility. The biggest advantage of STP is that if a person with an acco unt in Delhi doctors a hindrance in Chennai, his account in Delhi gets updated the same day.PNBs team has also customized this package to suit the regular requirements of a public sector bank. As PNB handles huge number of giving medication accountspublic provident fund, deposit of income tax, deposit of different duties and treasury payments, PNB had to customize it and also built a module for government businesses into this package. The bank also has a depository set-up (to store dematerialized share certificates) at its corporate office in bracing Delhi and another in Mumbai. Customers owning shares and bonds can deposit them at these depositories after which the hard copies are destroyed.The bank, on the other hand, keeps a digital copy of all these documents. Thus, one does not have to bother about the harm of paper, or a signature that does not match and so on. Customers can now instruct the bank at any point of time to transfer these securities. Another very interesting development with PNB is its bring with Indian Railways. It is putting up an ATM machine at the New Delhi stations taciturnity office, which is going to be a interface between the Railways server and the banks server.Once this is functional, customers can collect their tickets from the ATM machine and the payment can be made using credit or debit entry cards. Once this is successful and the interface is done, the bank plans to enable all their ATMs across the country on this platform. electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is another technology initiative that the bank has taken up. It has entered into an agreement with the Customs surgical incision wherein the Customs server is connected with the banks corporate office server, which is further connected to several branches of PNB and also to importers.Thus, whatever duties are required to be deposited with the Customs department can be debited from the importers (read customers) account automatically. The pilot project for this has a lready been carried out and the bank plans to introduce this service soon. The PSU has also introduced bilingual software known as Bank-mate. With the help of this software one can generate reports in Hindi and also can get his/her passbook in Hindi. This is already in operation at around various branches and PNB is also getting orders for this package from other banks. PNBs IT SetupPNB also has a number of applications running on its network like any other Financial Institution. The bank has standardized all its platforms on UNIX operating system and RDBMS on Oracle. Other OS like Microsofts windows 2000/ XP are also enabled in centers. As far as the hardware platform is concerned, PNB has Sun Microsystems Web servers at the data centre. Apart from this, they are also using Compaq, IBM and Xeon servers. At almost locations, the bank is still using DOS machines to run some of their ATMs. Systems Before deploying the core banking architecture, PNB used servers which were NT-based, f rom IBM, and from other vendors.The bank conducted benchmarking tests for Finacle on various server platforms. And it was satisfied with the performance of Suns hardware on Solaris. Suns Fire servers, Solaris OS, and Oracles RDBMS are now in use. Network flesh Cisco has tied up with PNB to evolve the network design and implement a nationwide network backbone to connect all its offices. Cisco will assist the bank in understanding and implementing the various technologies associated with the project. The converged network infrastructure allowed PNB to standardize the applications and software needed to provide the banking services.The various branches are connected to the data center using new-world routing and switching technologies. Storage systems The bank has followed RBIs storage requirement guidelines. Provisions have been made to store transaction data for around 10 years. In some cases, data is stored permanently. Around 164 Sun enterprise class servers are used in DAS archit ecture. The total capacity is of multiple TBs. The Sun hardware uses an in-built storage management tool. Later look over a storage management application from VERITAS. WAN and connectivity 101 branches of the bank were on a WAN in 2000.The bank put 500-odd branches on the WAN in 2002, and in three years the WAN had 2000-odd branches. The bank tried a number of connectivity options. 802. 11b wireless connectivity was installed in five branches to begin with. The bank then explored the option of leased lines and used connectivity from MTNL and BSNL. It also used Bhartis leased line between Mumbai and Delhi. The bank also used Reliance Infocomms fiber center backbone along with the leased lines in locations where the optic fiber does not reach. PNB had appointed HCL Com-net to carry out 247 monitoring of the countrywide network.Theres a live link between HCL and PNBs IT head office. The network is monitored remotely and can also be viewed at the banks IT facility, where a separate mo nitoring system is used. Security Systems Security was especially important because the bank could afford no compromise. The bail architecture had to be robust, reliable, and scalable to meet current and future needs. Cisco was chosen as the service provider who could meet these squiffy requirements. The bank uses a range of security products like Firewalls and IDSs from Cisco for its security needs in its LANs and WAN.All data transactions between its routers and switches are encrypted. It has appointed Ramco Systems as the security integrator. The security integrator is responsible for the complete security infrastructure and is answerable for any security breach or lapse. The bank appointed security administrators. VeriSign provided the necessary Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to the bank for secure transactions. Software Resources PNB is using various softwares for its operational activities for its smooth and efficient running, the Software used by PNB include- Microsoft of fice 2003 Acrobat referee Bank-mate Attack Filters Spyware, Trojan, VoIP etc. Protocols IP, VLAN, DNS, HTTP, FTP, TCP, TELNET, UTP etc. Operating Systems- UNIX, Solaris, Windows NT, 2000 Server, XP etc.. Databases MS Access, MS SQL, Oracle, FoxPro. Hardware Resources To make full the requirement and as per compatibility with software these hardware are used- HCL, IBM etc Desktops, Printer NT Based servers from IBM, Suns hardware for Solaris, Network Cards. Routers, Scanners etc Organizations Other Computing Resources Payroll Transaction Processing SystemPayroll TPS, which is a typical story transaction bear upon system found in PNB. A payroll system keeps track of the money paid to employees. The master file is composed of discrete pieces of schooling (such as a name, address, or employee number) called data elements. Data are keyed into the system, updating the data elements. The elements on the master file are unite in different ways to wee-wee reports of inter est to management and government agencies and to send paychecks to employees. Management notices the record of the employees efficiency to work and may declare added bonus or other incentive.This report is check into and approved by the branch manager after which cheque is issued to the employee. Online Assistance PNB provides its customers online assistance by providing i-banking, online complaints, providing them nurture about various products and services. These complaints and assistance are processed by customer care services executive. Account Opening In account opening the MIS is used, every information about the customer is recorded like their name, address, account, type of account, account information, their sample signature, these helps in Identification of customer instantly and creating a database at sudden rate.This includes the filling of KYC and AC forms. SPNS (Shared Payment Network System) Swadhan, the first SPNS launched in Mumbai by IBA. The banks that particip ate on this network could issue the cards to customers for transacting on networks. RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) RTGS System is a payment settlement system that minimizes the credit risk in the prevalent cheque clearing system. Under RTGS the funds are colonised on a near real time basis across Banks in different locations.Bank offers this warm electronic fund transfer facility to RTGS enabled bank branches across through the country its designated RTGS enabled locations. Mobile Alert Service The clients now have the facility to subscribe to Mobile Alert Service for receiving alerts on registered mobile phone numbers instantly after the funds are pooled. Impact of Information Systems An information system is there to empower its users. A database simply provides data, but an information system is all about providing the best information the user needs to do their task more effectively.It also takes into account that different users doing their own specific tasks may need to s ee their information presented in differing ways. The benefits of an information system follow when the user can quickly access, understand and respond correctly to that information. The implementation of Information Systems in PNB and other financial institutions had a vast impact on the Employees (the way they work), Customers, The industry & Government. The system provides information on the past, present and project future and on relevant events inside and outside the organization. Finacles ImpactFinacle core banking solution is a comprehensive, integrated yet modular business solution that effectively addresses the strategic and day-to-day challenges faced by banks. It is highly parameterizable providing that much-needed flexibility to adapt to a dynamic environment. The solution has an integrated CRM module enabling banks to offer a rich and differentiated value proposition to customers. The layered Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), STP capabilities, web-enabled technology and 24 X 7 operations ensure multi-channel, multi-country and multi-currency implementations.The functionality-rich modules in the solution provide banks with a varied palette of features to continuously innovate on their product and service offerings. With Finacle core banking solution, banks can meet the challenges of managing change, competition, compliance and customer demands effectively. Differentiated Product Spread Finacle core banking solution offers an unlimited palette of features for banks to design and deploy products for varying market segments.The product bundling capabilities of the solution offers a wide range of possibilities for banks to create products with innovative features. The facilities provided for differential pricing, channel rules and customization through Finacle Studio the scripting engine, empower banks to continuously innovate and extend their entourage of products, across segments. Agile Operations The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) enables the IT team at the bank to effect changes without touching the base code, ensuring lesser vendor dependency and faster adaptability to changing business conditions. Robust Cross-sell role model The CIF and CRM capabilities in Finacle offer a unified view of the customer across the entire solution and across multiple back-end applications, enabling the bank to view the customer from a completely informed angle. This empowers banks to effectively manage customer relationships and aggressively explore cross-sell opportunities. Increased Operational Efficiencies and Productivity Finacle core banking solution supports business events automation and process orchestration, thus eliminating manual tasks and reducing process time.The elimination of error and data redundancies also results in increased branch productivity. Straight through Processing (STP) abilities enhance reduction in turnaround and processing time, increasing output and enabling speedy completion of tasks. The multiling ual web-based single repository of information enables remotely located bankers to collaborate and transact seamlessly. Impact on Employees Information System serves employees with user friendliness, easy storage and access of data, removal of redundancies, fastening up of the processes and providing up of multiple views at same time.In beginning the issues were largely cultural. Most staffers were used to running(a) in a manual environment, and some had worked in standalone environments. In the new networked environment, personnel at the node/counter didnt actually see the transactions updating in the various account books. This gave rise to a number of queries and suggestions from personnel. It took around six-eight months for the personnel to felt that the environment change had done them good, and they were used to working on the systems. Other Available AlternativesThe Indian banking sector is slowly coming of age and hand cookery this sector is the banking solution market, which has carved a name for itself in the global arena. Not to forget the pro-active government reforms that are helping the Indian banking market reach greater heights and adding glitz and glamour to Indian economy as a whole. Other then Finacle from Infosys there are various available alternatives for which the banking industry and financial institutions can opt. These are- Office Accounting Professional 2009 SAP ERP Financials Tally 9 Financial Accounting and Inventory Management Software Flexcube i-flex solutions Hyperion Financial Management System 9 While in past i-flex solutions flagship product Flexcube has been rated the 1 banking product in the world by UK based IBS, an independent banking solutions rating vendor, but Infosys Technologies Finacle doesnt took long enough to overtake Flexcube. But now a days SAP ERP programmes are giving a tough competition to Finacle. Conclusion A management information system is a system or process that provides the information neces sary to manage an organization effectively. MIS and the information it generates are generally considered essential components of prudent and reasonable business decisions.This report starts with the Punjab National Bank with overview of PNB followed by history of information system and the steps taken by PNB to be effective in banking industry by using informations technology. Information applied science (IT) innovations in the last few years have changed the landscape of banks in India. Today, IT seems to be the prime mover of all banking transactions. Electronic and Information Technology together are bringing a swift change in the way banks operate, especially offering better delivery channels and customers friendly services.Anywhere banking, telebanking, mobile banking, net banking, automated teller machine(ATMs), credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, call centers, CRM, data warehousing have totally transformed the banking industry. Today almost all the major banks in India like ICICI Bank, UTI Bank, Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN Amro, SBI and PNB are offering online services to their customers. ATMs have emerged as the most favored channel for offering banking services to the customers in the world.One of the biggest benefits that the bank has derived out of IT has been the tremendous legal transfer on recruitment frontthe bank has not recruited more staff even while the business and work pressures have gone up five times. Consequently, PNBs profitability has also increased. To train users the bank has set up more than 15 computer training labs across the country. It explains all the TPS how the transactions are made by the bank, using of these TPS from the new events such as account opening, new allowances etc to the routine work including cash and payments record, updating of records, payroll and the processing of the complaints.These TPS holds all the activities from the manager and employees to the customers. The report discuses the inbo und and the outbound logistics and relate all the processes of TPS used in the bank with the Information System is enabling the bank to provide the quality and satisfactory services to their customers. Suggestions The bank is using information system efficiently and it has increased the customer satisfaction, efficiency, data storage, fast data retrieval. But to improve more and regarding future success of PNB here are the some suggestions. The bank must update Hardware to get maximum performance from Information Systems in order to allow the IS to procure the least amount of system resources it requires for functioning. The bank should update all their software, networks etc to keep information system up to date for competitive edge, customer satisfaction. Steps should be taken to increase the safeguard & to avoid the unethical practices like phishing. Need for improved training for using Information Technology and tools to employees. Intra firm communication should be improve d.References Websites- http//www. networkmagazineindia. com/200305/tech4. shtml http//www. expresscomputeronline. com/20021202/banks7. shtml http//www. business-standard. com/india/news/pnb-to-implement-loan-data-software/151819/ http//www. financialexpress. com/news/pnb-in-networking-pact-with-cisco/64296/ http//www. pnbindia. com/ http//netpnb. com/ Books- PNB Vision 2007-2008 Zonal Training Centre Guide. (The name you can bank upon) All Banks Average Punjab National Bank (Performance Chart) (Amount in Rs Crore)