Study of personality Essay Example for Free

Study of constitution EssayThere have been many theories proposed to better understand human behaviors and personality one of these is the theory of optimum range and self-cognitive. The theory of optimal range and self-cognitive became useful in studying self-stereotyping, prejudice, self-esteem, and self-categorizing of humans and to be able to understand more about ones identification.The Western beliefs define self as a unified identity which functions on its own, however, the theory of self-cognitive suggests that the self is actually a composition of different factors and elements, for example, an someone define himself through the people related to him such as his parents, siblings, spouses, friends, and others. Through the information about these people, an individual creates a more stable identification of himself. be in a group gives a person a more definite social and personal identity. One tends to adapt the characteristics of the people around him which term his personality as well.Moreover, a person tends to find a partner or friends which seems to resembles or almost the same as the concept of his self. However, these characteristics and personalities whitethorn vary through time as we meet new people and encounter different experiences. The theory of optimal range discusses the individuals think ability, judgment skills and decision-making styles according to his optimal level or age. According to it, a person comes to a point wherein he reaches his optimal level of performance to integration of a functional performance.For example, an individual can exert his maximum capacity or highest performance level in life in his early 20s or 30s, infants and old people are less functional. However, it suggests that a persons skills and knowledge can be readily come-at-able if was reconstructed multiple times through range of variations in the tasks, meaning, a person doesnt become skillful in an instant until he inform himself with the tasks and domains. The theory of optimal range explains how and why there are differences in peoples learning skills and capacities.The theory of optimal range and self-cognitive help us understand more about the personality differences and similarities. Although both have their own limitations, each opened the door toward more studies that aims to understand human behavior and personality development.References Valsiner, J. Connolly, K. (2003). Adult Cognitive Development Dynamics in the Developmental Web. Handbook of Developmental Psychology. Electronic Version Fusher, S. Fisher, R. (1993). Conjuring Up a Self. The Psychology of Adaptation to Absurdity play of Make-Believe. Electronic Version.

Human skin color Essay Example for Free

Human skin color Essay moral excellence, then, is a state that decides, consisting in a retrieve, the mean relative to us, which is defined by reference to priming, that is to say, to the reason by reference to which the prudent person would define it. It is a mean between two vices, one of redundancy and one of deficiency Aristotles explanation of Virtue of Character but what is it really saying. Let us define it with the Socratic Definition per genus et differentia. Let us break it into the three parts genus, species and the differentiating cypher (differentia). The genus or general topic would be virtue of character, the species or the specific area of virtue of character would be the mean between the two vices excess and deficiency, lastly is the differentiating factor or what makes the species different from other forms of it which would be the situation and how individual people can reason out different outcomes from what is required from them.Virtue is an activity of the human soul and has two parts virtue of character and virtue of intellect. Virtue of intellect is wisdom and knowledge an example would be analyse at school. Virtue of character is learned by action and practice an example would be learning that cheating on tests is bad and knowing not to attempt it. Reasoning out where we stand in a particular situation is not related to knowledge or studying but or else repeated application of acts so Aristotles is stating acts of character not of intellect.Nothing can be to good, have to little and you have deficiency have as well much and its excess. The mean is the middle ground between similarly much and too little. This mean varies on person to person. An example would be too much sun.Take a 2 people one with a fair skin tone and one with a dark skin tone. The mean amount of sun for the dark skin tone would be excess to the fair skinned person and possibly give them sunburn. Give the dark mouth person the mean amount of sun required by the fair toned person and you have deficiency and could led to lack of vitamin E. But its up to the individual to regulate between the two through trial and error.

Lesson Planning For Inclusive Classroom

Lesson Planning For Inclusive ClassroomI found three lesson plans for elementary take kindergarten, middle school grade 7-8, and tall school grade 9-10. The first lesson plan is The Four Seasons on Earth by Kimberlee McElroy on teachnology.com. I found this lesson plan to be useful in accommodating children with learning disabilities (LD). The objective of this lesson plan is for learners to be subject to name all the four seasons and to be fit to describe how the weather of the seasons and to likewise be able to determine what should be wore and what activities are fitting for the different seasons (McElroy, 2012). This lesson plan was designed for students who make water a language impairment and to help them be able to increase their knowledge of vocabulary and their usage occupyd to the four seasons. Vocabulary is critical to get winding success for three reasons comprehension improves when you know what the linguistic communication mean, delivery are the currency of communication and a robust vocabulary improves all areas of communication much(prenominal) as listening, speaking, tuition and pen, and when children and adolescents improve their vocabulary, their academic and social impudence and competence improve, too (Alexander, n.d. ). This lesson plan is made e limitedly for students with LD. It leave behind help to increase a childs vocabulary and tail to a fault be adjusted to meet the needs of each child who has an IEP. It accommodates all types of learners and not just wholeness type of learner.Some adaptations that could be made to the lesson plan overwhelm visual aides for the students such as literal pictures of the different seasons. Different clothing items stern be brought in to show what appropriate clothing is for that magazine of year. Also, different foods support be brought in for each of the seasons such as vegetable soup or vegetable beef soup for winter. The students bathroom get a book of their give on each of the seasons and draw pictures or bring in pictures or items for the different seasons. Students can also write a few words that relate to the particular season such as cold, snow, and white. Those can be vocabulary words as well. Graphic organizers can be apply to help a students to be able to organize the words for each season. Graphic organizers may greatly assist students with learning disabilities in connecting vernal material to prior knowledge, identifying main ideas and supporting details, drawing inferences, and creating effective problem-solving strategies (Wayne, 2011, para. 10).The lesson plan that I am development already has accommodations for special needs students such as visual sentence starters and verbal prompts. I believe I could pair students who conduct a learning disability with a non disabled child and have them execution to help each other with their books by giving suggestions and helping to plead the vocabulary words. For a child with LD, they may no t be able to write a word such as snow very well so I would make a worksheet for them to be able to ghostwriter the letters.The second lesson plan is The Pearl by John Blackwell on teachnology.com. This is a lesson plan for grades 7-8. The objective for this lesson plan is to Facilitate understand of the importance of rules in society, relate decision-making skills to each students own personal experiences, foster an appreciation for reading, and help students develop an understanding for what the authors point of view and what they are trying to convey (Blackwell, 2012). This lesson plan is clean- subdue to meet the needs of special education students. This lesson plan was designed to help students in middle school grades to be able to enhance their reading comprehension, read novels, and to learn appropriate decision making skills (Blackwell, 2012). Reading comprehension is important for students to learn in order to be able to understand what is it that they are reading and t he words that they are reading. Without comprehension, reading is simply following words on a page from left to right while sounding them out and the words on the page have no meaning and while people read for many different reasons, the chief goal is to derive some understanding of what the writer is trying to convey and make use of that information whether for fact gathering, learning a new skill, or for pleasure (Marshall, 2014, para. 2).Some adaptations that could be used are allowing the students to read aloud to the class if they are comfortable enough to do so. Also, the students could get in groups and act out parts of the book that way students can visually foresee what the story is about. A research-based strategy that can be used is a concept map and it works just wish graphic organizers. They can help a child to brainstorm and map out ideas. A concept map can be used to begin with reading begins and students can share what they already know about a concept. Then, wh en the reading begins, students can add to the map as a group as the story progresses. Students can also draw pictures to help them remember or understand or even use pictures form the internet or cut out to help them (Reading Rockets, 2015).This lesson plan has accommodations already but some accommodations I could recommend is allowing a students to use a text to speech program to have the book read to them if they have difficulty with reading or communication disorder. For the particular book in the lesson plan, there is an audible version of the book for students to be able to listen to the story and follow along. For a final report, accommodations such as being able to use speak to text software can help a students to be able to write their report if they have a hard time typing or writing. That way the can see what is being typed out instead of having errors throughout their motif. They also can be paired up with a partner that can help them to write their paper and get in it on time.For the last lesson plan, I chose My Country by Donna Lewis on teachnology.com. This lesson plan is for grades 9-10 and the objective of this lesson plan is for students to be able to apply the theories of the authorities, economics, and also sociology and they will be able to gain their own country and do research to gather information. They will design their own government, pick a location, and create their own flag (Lewis, 2014). This lesson plan is designed to accommodate special needs students and they will be working in teams to create their own country and government. It also teaches the students about the government and also how to do research. It helps students to be able to create their own country and to see what it takes to run it. It teaches them to be able to apply concepts to real world situations they will face. Civic education means explicit and continuing study of the basic concepts and values underlying our democratic political community and built-in o rder and civic education also involves development of skills in making decisions about public issues and participating in public affairs (Hoge, 1988, para. 2). Even students with special needs has to be able to understand how government works and how to handle public issues and to make decisions. I see this lesson plan helping a students with LD or CD to be able to use critical thinking, learn concepts to use in the real world, and to also learn how to use public speaking to their advantage. It can help to build up their confidence.Some adaptations that could be made is possibly taking a field trip to a government building such as the state capital to learn and see how the government functions on a daily basis. They can take notes and they can have a classmate help them take notes and help to translate anything a special needs students may not understand. Also, it could be arranged for the students to act out certain types of the government to help them understand how it works and h at they would like to use to develop their country. They could act out the signing of the declaration of independence and develop ideas on how to create their own. If the students is not comfortable n acting out in front of the class, then the students and team members can do it in front of the teacher only. If they are not comfortable speaking then they can use a text to speech program to speak for them and also if they have trouble with communication. A research-based strategy I really timber that works with this lesson plan is a graphic organizer. Graphic organizers help students to visually display, interpret, and understand complex topics (Ketcham, 2010). I feel a graphic organizer can help students with LD and CD and even non disabled students to be able to organize their thoughts and the information they find for their design of their own country.This lesson plan has some accommodations already for it such as talking software and spelling and writing software to help student s who have reading issues and difficulty writing and spelling. A speech to text software such as Dragon can be used to help students write their paper for their final project. duty assignment someone from another class to help a student who may be struggling to understand the work or the assignments and reading material. Allowing the students to be assessed verbally daily can help them to be able to say what they have learned rather than type it or write it. Questions can be asked and they can answer verbally.Some ways I feel that a teacher could leverage learning strategies is by cooperative learning groups which can help students to be able to help one another. Putting non disabled students who have a firm understanding of the lesson plan can help the students with LD and CD. This goes for all of the grade direct lesson plans I chose. Also, setting objectives and providing feedback can help the students to set goals at the offshoot of the lesson and to set a time frame to meet those goals. Daily goals can be set by the teacher and the student. Setting objectives establishes directions for learning and student benefit when they personalize goals set by teachers(Pennsylvania Department of Education PDE, 2009). Allowing students to summarize and take notes can help them along in the lesson plan to write down important information needed for an assignment. Some social interaction for all the grade train lesson plans is having the students to introduce themselves at the beginning of the year or the beginning of a new semester or quarter. The students can write down information about themselves or they can be paired up with another students and let them introduce each other to the class. Class discussions can be done in the beginning of class about the lesson plan and also after the lesson. It is a great way to get the students to give their input on the assignment and to interact with one another. Have the students do group presentations. It can help to divid e up the workload on big assignments such as the lesson plan for high school and can help students with LD and CD to have less of a burden and to also help to keep their stress level down. Some behavior supports that would work within these lesson plans are making sure the classroom environment is accommodated for students with special needs. An example is a students with ADHD. They should not be seated where there is high vocation or loud areas and away from anything that may distract them from learning. Having a set class schedule or routine can help students to know what is liberation to happen during that class period. It can help to reduce the anxiety and keep frustrations down. A classroom schedule that is well-designed and is implemented consistently may be the integrity most important factor in preventing challenging behaviors (Ruef, Higgins, Glaeser, Patnode, n.d., p. 7). Allowing the students to be able to make choices in their lives and in class can help to reduce be havioral problems. With the students being able to have input in decision making, it will help to build their self confidence and to also have a say in what goes on in their daily lives and routines within reasonable limits. It helps with their productivity and independence. Lastly, reward positive behavior. If positive behavior is being rewarded, then chances are the student will do what it is they did again. Positive reinforcement does not need to be done all the time or for everything the student does because then the student will depend on that positive reinforcement all the time. A reward could be extra free time or stickers for the younger students. Also using encouraging words and showing appreciation can help the child to gain self confidence.ReferencesAlexander, F. (n.d.). Understanding Vocabulary. Retrieved from http//www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/understanding-vocabularyBlackwell, J. (2012). The Pearl. Retrieved from http//www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_l essons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=19079Hoge, J. (1988). Civic Education in Schools. Retrieved from http//www.ericdigests.org/pre-9210/civic.htmKetcham, L. (2010). Online Graphic Organizers for Use with Special Education Students. Retrieved from http//www.mangomon.com/online-graphic-organizers-for-use-with-special-education-students/Lewis, D. (2014). My Country. Retrieved from http//www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27806Marshall, P. (2014). The Importance of Reading Comprehension. Retrieved from http//www.k12reader.com/the-importance-of-reading-comprehension/McElroy, K. (2012). Lesson Plan The Four Seasons on Earth. Retrieved from http//www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=viewcat_id=9lsn_id=27155Pennsylvania Department of Education. (2009). 9 lofty Leverage Strategies. Retrieved from http//stuff4educators.com/index.php?p=1_34_High-Impact-StrategiesReading Rockets. (2015). Concept Maps. Retrieved from http//ww w.readingrockets.org/strategies/concept_mapsRuef, M., Higgins, C., Glaeser, B., Patnode, M. (n.d.). Positive behavioral support Strategies for teachers. Retrieved from http//digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032context=gse_facsei-redir=1referer=http//www.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dfive%2Bways%2Bthat%2Ba%2Bteacher%2Bcould%2Bgive%2Bbehavior%2Bsupports%2B%26go%3DSubmit%2BQuery%26qs%3Dbs%26form%3DQBREsearch=%22five%20ways%20teacher%20could%20give%20behavior%20supports%22Wayne, S. (2011). Visual, spatial displays aid students with learning disabilities. Retrieved from http//news.psu.edu/story/153017/2011/12/28/visual-spatial-displays-aid-students-learning-disabilities

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Essay

Case Study Bodegas Torres Commerce Es judgeBodegas Torres is a Spanish wine factory created in 1870 by two br differents, Jaime and Miguel Torres. The follow gave priority to quality and innovation. After the two brothers died, it was the turn of Miguels son, Juan, to run the telephoner. He started to product brandies which was the premier innovation of the company. In 1932, Miguel, Juans son, succeeded to his father after his death. With the uphold of his wife Margarita, Miguel sueed hard to reduce his lack of experience regarding wine.Since 1870, five generations of the Torres family were able to make a ordinate among the wine world. The first modest operation, located unspoilt the Vilafrance Peneds appellation Peneds in Catalonia, has quickly made a name and report card despite heavy events (phylloxera crisis, civil war). Subsequently, the Bodegua Torres took possession of other vineyards in the appellations of Conca de Barbera, Toro, Jumilla, Ribera del Duero, Priorat a nd more recently in Rioja. However, it was non until 1979 that Miguel Torres decides to acquire a small area of 100 hectares in the Curico Valley in Chile. Descendant of Jaime Torres, so he moved between the valleys of Colchagua and Maule, south of Santiago, becoming the first investor in Chiles wine industry. Since then, the area has flourished and is now 445 hectares. Miguel Torres has also exportinged its wine to the join States, California, where he founded in 1986 Marimar Estates.. Marimar Torres, his sister, close to her adventure in California where she managed the first Marimar Estate Vineyard in 1986. Over time, the small family care has turned into an empire, while still retaining its prestigious reputation and the exceptional quality of its products. Over the years, the company was rewarded at many times for its products like in 1979 (winner of the Great Wine Marathon) or in 1991 (gold medal stock for the Milmanda Wine). E truly year, the company gets a medal for on e of its products. The most recent one is in 2011 (Gold medal received for the De Casta 2010 at Mondial du Ros 2011).The Strategy of the companyThe first strategy of the company was to sell high quality price at a high price because flock associate quality with price. and oer the years, the company assay to change this image and offered to its customers acceptable quality wine at a moderate price. It is obvious that Bodegas Torres is still producing high quality wine but you can palpate all the type of wine you want according to your budget. After having strengthen its position in Spain, the company went abroad and started to export its products in several(prenominal) countries. Products are characterized by a commitment to the family, the love of the vine and its fruit that has passed from generation to generation to become one of the most strategic wineries, which meant it became a company export represented in more than 140 countries. The first exports of the company date ba ck to the 40s, and have continued to grow since then. The group unkindly the year 2010 with a C. A. EUR 205 million, an increase of 11.5% compared to 2009. This result is mainly due to the increase in exports, which ranks the top wine producers exporting Spanish sparkling wine not alone in AOC. Torres exports represent 72% of sales. The latter increased to countries such as Finland, Canada, Norway and Russia. But the real breakthrough for the group occurred in China. After 30 years of commercial, wine sales to that country rose 40% in 2010. The group became the first company that distributes wine directly. China Torres repointd in the utmost year 16.16 million EUR. As an example, the group sold under their brand of wine Mas La Plana, 1000 cases of 12 bottles in China, with a occupation of 10,000 cases.In 1997, the company signed for the establishment of a Joint-Venture in China with the Zhangjiakou Great Wall Torres Winery Co. Ltd.Torres group is also known for its innovations. The alcohol-free wine is one of its flagship products that abruptly matches the new fashion market for aesthetic and health, according to the Chairman of the group. The research surgical incision of the company is really active and achieverful. The company always tries to find discontinue ways of production or new products that may be a good fit for new customers.The structure of the companyThe company Bodegas Torres has always tried to change its structure according to the market, the trend and changing surround. Managers always thought that each de get aroundment had to be run by an expert in his area. numerous of the executives have started their career within the company which allow them to acquire a good experience of the products and the market. But the competition of the market is fierce and the company had to take aim a more professional staff with university degrees. In order to adapt its management strategy, the company was restructured in 1991 with the aim of settin g up responsibilities and level of hierarchy. But according to employees and executives, this restructuration was too confusing. After a meeting with all the executives, the company found out that there was a lack of converse between several departments and that some responsibilities were not clearly defined. To fix the situation, Bodegas Torres defined very clearly the different department which are the following onesThe production department wine production and in charge of the vineyard. The wine and the brandy are divided by sections of the production process. Each member of the team has a clear task.The administrative and financial department divided into smaller divisions like accounting, treasury and management control, this department is responsible for the control of investments, payments and more.The human resources department very authorized for the company, this department is in charge of training as well as payroll. This department aims at keeping the employee updated to new processes or more.The organization and system department created in 1993, this department has a role of control regarding processes and internal auditing.The marketing department divided into smaller divisions like sales, exports and public relations, this department is taking care of the companys customers wherever they are in the world.We can easily say that the company has been able to define a clear structure in order to ensure a better communication between departments.The corporate cultureThe company bring ins from a secure corporate culture found on family values and has been transmitted from generation to generation and is very important for the well-being of the company. The corporate culture of the company can be summarize in several pointsA strong history the company has been created in 1870 and is producing wine since then. So it has been more than two centuries that the Torres family has been operative on the same products. Each member of the family has been an executive or a manager. Bodegas Torres went through many toughies like the civil war but the company is still operating.A culture of authenticity like we express in the previous point, the company produces wine for the preceding(a) two centuries. They can be called expert in wine producing. They developed their own process of production and care about the quality of their products. Everyone in the company share values of knowledge and quality.The family experience the Torres family is running the company since its creation. The management is based on these values. Everything is done to keep the family business on. still if the company sets up objectives, communication and find are two values that gainers have to remember each day.The social responsibility respecting the environment is very important especially because their birthday suit materials are seeds and earth. The company has developed its own label in order to show its customers that the family cares about the env ironment as well as its employees.Bodegas key fruit challengesThis part of the paper is about identifying the challenges or problems that the company may or will face in the future. With the increasing globalization of economic activities and the introduction of the European atomic number 53 market for the free movement of goods and services, employees and shareholders, business leaders, whether multinationals or exporters are increasingly faced with the demands of international management, which is necessarily accompanied intercultural management.Multicultural Management and diversityBodegas Torres knows very well the notion of exportation and deals with it in a very efficient way. Usually speaking, when a company wants to develop its international business, it is often necessary to move its production, management and marketing. To do this, the company develops foreign subsidiaries, and the problem of cultural differences appear between the employees of the subsidiary, which are mostly native and parent, which is managed by nationals. The main difficulty encountered by these multinational companies is the harmonization of the various business practices. A subsidiary established abroad together different personalities, different language. It is essential to bring in how management organizes in a subsidiary. The company has an entity in California, in China and in Chile which implies specificities in terms of values. In order to identify the differences, we will use the Hofstede get based of 4 criteria which arePower place When it is high, it delegacy, for H, the main characteristics following the power is a social base, and the economic and social relations are mark by inequality and dependence.Individualism versus Collectivism Individualism, in contrast to the sense of community is marked by the importance of personal responsibility, individual initiative and respect for privacy, strictly distinguished professional life. Individual interests are priv ileged in the functioning of organizations.Masculinity versus Femininity Masculinity is characterized by the following assertiveness, lack of modesty, the furiousness on success, money and external image, ambition and the desire for personal fulfillment. In opposition, femininity means in particular the emphasis on the relational harmony, rather than assertiveness femininity is the search for consensus and harmony, the importance of human relationships.Uncertainty Avoidance It means the willingness to risk guarantee, which can be expressed by the elements following care of the future, fear of change and difference, preference for stable and rigid structures, and possibly for the gerontocracy, the concern establish procedures clear, precise and detailed to avoid hazards.This criteria will be applied to Spain, join States and China in order to better understand the cultural differences which may help us to highlight management threats but also opportunities.SpainPower Distance wit h a add of 57 points, the power distance is relatively high. It mean that the hierarchy is respected by workers and that it is permitted to get advantages if you have a high position. It is important for employees to get feedback from their boss in order to keep their motivation high.Individualism versus collectivism with a score of 51 points, it means that, contrary to its European colleagues, Spain is based on collectivism. Teamwork is really important for Spanish workers and almost natural. It is easier for them to be motivated when they work with other wad as a team.Masculinity versus femininity the score of 42 points means that companies and employees are not motivated by competition, achievement and success1. Children are taught to care about others and to always search for a consensus. It is important for Spanish managers to get feedback from its subordinates in order to make decisions and to improve the work environment.Uncertainty avoidance the score of 86 means that the country doesnt like uncertainty. leafy vegetablewealth like to have rules, and the changes lead to stress. It is important for Spanish people to respect rules because they work as a reference for every type of situation.United States of the StatesPower Distance with a score of 40 which can be considered as low, United States is based on equal rights and freedom. Unlike Europe, the hierachy is the the same. Even if managers are weel-defined in the organization, they are always accessible. Feedbacks from both(prenominal)er managers and employees are important.Individualism versus collectivism with a high score of 91, we can easily say that the United States is an individualist country. It means that people have to work for themselves, care for themselves and also for relatives. There is no we in the American society but mainly I. In business, employees have to be reliable and autonomous.Masculinity versus femininity with a score of 62, the country can be seen as masculine. The main value that is taught in tutor and appreciated in business is always go for the best or always try your best. American people live to work because their life depend on it.Uncertainty avoidance with a score of 46, we can say that American people are not afraid of changes and may consider them as challenges. American workers like new idea and are opened to changes in their work environment.ChinaPower Distance with a score of 80, we can say that in China, inequalities are acceptable. Also, the notion of hierarchy is very strong which imply an important respect of superiors. Everyone should stay at is place and there is no fashion for initiatives.Individualism versus collectivism with a low score of 20, we can say that China is a strong collectivist country. battalion think a stage set about others like colleagues or relatives and after they think about themselves. But the score also mean a weak commitment to the company they work for.Masculinity versus femininity with a score of 66 , we can say that China is a masculine society. Work and success is really important and many people may sacrifice their families to get advancement in their work.Uncertainty avoidance with a low score of 30, Chinese people are used to uncertainty. one and only(a) of the biggest one is the language which is full of ambiguities. Moreover, Chinese workers are very entrepreneurial which is a good asset for their country.Bodegas Torres has entities in these countries are will face difficulties in the management. It is difficult to deal with different employees expectations, rules and feelings. Managers have to adapt their management strategies in order to get the best of their employees. The relationship between the employees and the company has to be strong in order to be successful. Each entities must follow Bodegas Torres values but ad besides its way of doing things to the country.Corporate culture and globalizationAs we said before, Bodegas Torres benefits from a strong corporate culture. Basically, a corporate culture can be defined as the specific elements that explain the basics of how an entity works. It is, in a sense, a by-product of national culture and therefore a set of values, myths, rituals, taboos and symbols shared by the majority of employees. Corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and the strategic choices made by business.The key challenge for the company here is whether staying a family business or divergence global.A Family BusinessBodegas Torres has always been a family business. In terms of ownership it means that there is a focus on the interest of the company which is own by the family. People are really passionate for the company and want to work hard to make it more successful. It implies, obviously, a high level of motivation. As a family business, the knowledge and secret know-hows can be highlighted and promoted in order to keep the brand image strong. Being a family business also means that profits are re-i nvested in the company and not given to shareholders or other stakeholders.In terms of HR Management, we can say that a family business is focused on a good communication system and a higher level of motivation. Communication is very important and if people talk to the other as family members, it is easier to communication without fear of hurting someone or more. Moreover, people working for the family business have a better understanding of the background which overprotect a higher commitment. To finish with HR, a family business may answer several of the Maslows subscribe tos theory.Being a family business is also a benefit in terms of positioning. Bodegas Torres products are high quality and the brand image is strong because the family owns the vineyard. Over the years, the company won many awards and medals for its products and it may seem difficult for new employees to understand this culture. Regarding the finance, the situation of the company is good as it is and both in op erating and financial activities. Moreover, expansion is compatible with a family management strategy. The company has all the key to keep its success up but there is also an opportunity to go global.Going GlobalThere are a lot opportunities to go global for a business such as Bodegas Torres. If we analyze the strengths of the company we can see that its growth strategy was a success so far and that it financing situation in good. The company also created a marketing department which will allow the company to better understand the market and offer an appropriate answer to customers needs.In terms of opportunities, the wine market is changing. In 2011, the United States has become the largest consumer of wine in the world forrader of Italy and France, according to a study conducted for Vinexpo Asia Pacific, the exhibition of wine and spirits to be held from May 29 to 31 in Hong Kong. The United States is in first place in the volume consumed (28 million hectoliters to 311.3 million cases of 12 bottles), with an expected growth of around 10% between 2011 and 2015, according to the study conducted in partnership with ISWR the British cabinet. The market is changing a people tend to see wine in a different way and not as a cut specificity anymore.The companys new structure enables an internationalization because other companies like competitors are working the same way. The efficiency is higher because all tasks and responsibilities are well defined. Moreover, the RD department is a competitive advantage that the company must use in order to launch new products on the market on a regular basis.Bodegas Torres is facing a choice that will affect its structure and future. The company has to analyze both opportunities in order to make the right decision. We can consider that both choices are opportunities.Intercultural Management and MotivationMotivation is the set of factors determining the action and behavior of an individual to achieve a goal or perform an activ ity. It is the confederacy of all the reasons conscious or unconscious, collective and individual, that encourage the individual to act in a team. This is one of the challenges of the managerial function. In our case, the problem is how to motivation people if they dont have the same drivers. It is important first to analyze the needs of employees wherever they are from. For that we can use the Maslows theory. It offers a systematic approach to the needs of the working man and prioritizes different levels in a pyramid. Maslow believed that human behavior is dictated by the needs, man is instinctive, biological and fundamental. Five groups of needs are distinguished physiological needs, the need for safety, ,the need for social, the need for esteem, the need of self-actualization. consort to the country, people will give a different priority to the needs.It is the role of managers to understand this dimension.Beside Maslows work, we can find that Herzberg also worked on the motiva tion. He connects the motivation and satisfaction at work and uses a common assumption in all theories of need the unfulfilled need is motivation. Herzberg distinguish two kinds of needs those that are common to all living beings and those that are specific to humans. Only the latter are a source of motivation, hygienics needs, as soon they are fulfilled they reduce dissatisfaction and are therefore more motivating. Some examples of hygiene needs would be supervision, inter-personal relations, money, status or security. According to this theory,Bodegas Torres should be design a specific management strategy for overseas in order to create a safe and good work environment. some other important point, which is common to all countries is how the work is rewarded. The same rewards do not seem to motivate the same way. Everyone has a clear idea of what constitutes a just reward for his work. It determines what is right by comparing it brings (qualification, effort, experience) and it rece ives (status, salary) that others provide and receive. When he feels inequality (more or less) between the contributions from its rewards and of those to whom he compares himself, he tries to reduce because it produces a feeling of frustration or guilt either.Every country has its own system of reward and managers should be careful to equity.For example in the united states which is an individualist society, the reward habitude be the same as in Spain which is a collectivist country.RecommendationsRegarding our analysis, we have few recommendations for Bodegas Torres in order to deal with the globalization and its effects.Analyzing every culture they work with.The Hofstede model is really useful to understand the different cultures around the world. Understanding a culture helps to understand people you work with. It is important to for managers to understand a culture so he can behave in a proper way and dont do any mistake that could lead to a conflict. People dont react the same way depending on the country and a new management strategy has to be designed in order to lead teams in an efficient way.Keeping the family businessMany companies try to go global because they see opportunities of growth and reduced costs. But higher costs are not systemically bad. The family business of the Torres family is profitable and its financial situation is healthy contrary to many other firms who rely on debts. Moreover, the brand image which is highly appreciated and long-familiar will suffer from an over-internationalization.Creating a motivating work environment by analyzing needs in every countryA motivating work environment is a competitive advantage over competitors. If employees are motivated and committed to the company, their work will be better and the company will benefit from it. In order to do so, managers and executives must analyze the needs of employees and try to link them to the companys objectives.Gathering people around ethic and valuesThe better way t o meet people is to make them share specific values or even a corporate culture. Employees must put their differences aside and focus on the common culture. The company may use the history of the Torres family as an example.Conclusion

Climate Change and Food Security

modality Change and Food pledge INTRODUCTION1.1 Background to the playing field Our activities ar inimical to the environment, our daily work and behaviour domestically, industrially and even sylvanly threatens the stability of environment as well as balance of the eco organisation. We often combust bushes to farm, we figure cultivation without due regard to the environment (oil), we cut/fell trees down without knowing that we are altering the eco- system and nature. All these human activities are threatening the nature and at the end, we ourselves are to face the consequences and are to be blamed.(Professor David Ukali, chairman of NEST, Nov, 2010)David Ukalis pleadment explains how human activities lead to the backlash we experience in our environment today. Man suffers various environmental variety shows as a result of inappropriate agricultural practices coupled with unscrupulous destructions of various important elements in the environment. Climate neuter is perhaps the most serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and poverty in Africa, mainly through its impact on agricultural productivity. Climate transport is star of the most serious environmental threats facing mankind worldwide. Climate change may already be impacting Nigeria as manifested by increased deluge, delayed rains, enhanced desertification, increasing bush fires and nourishment insecurity.It affects agriculture in several ways, including its direct impact on viands production. Climate change which is attributable to the natural clime cycle and human activities, has adversely affected agricultural productivity in Africa (Ziervogel et al. 2006).That at that place is a change in the ball-shaped climatic system is no longer in doubt. For instance, the periods we used to have rain have changed its proportion in terms of sun rays and that is why it has been mostly agreed that this mood change which is posing the greatest threat to man an d life on planet earth is gaining acceptance and that in the coming decennary the world give witness higher temperatures and changing in precipitation levels which would lead to low/ poor agricultural income. The issue of modality change has arrive more threatening not only to the sustainable development of socio-economic and agricultural activities of any nation but to the totality of human existence (Adejuwon, 2004). Rough estimates intimate that over the next 50years or so climatic change will likely have a serious threat to meeting ball-shaped nourishment involve than any other constraints on agricultural system. (IPCC 2007, BNRCC, 2008).Available evidence shows that climate change is ball-shaped sea level rose about 17 centimetres (6.7 inches) in the last century and the rate has doubled in the last decade, there has been a jumpstart in the global temperature even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum in 2007-20 09, surface temperatures continue to increase, glaciers are retreating almost everywhere virtually the world including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa, likewise its impacts but the most adverse set up will be felt mainly by developing countries, especially those in Africa, due to their low level of coping capabilities (Nwafor 2007 Jagtap 2007).Nigeria is viewed as one of these developing countries (Odjugo, 2010). Nigeria is experiencing adverse climate conditions with adverse impacts on the welfare of millions of its population, as the planet warms, pelting patterns shift, and extreme events such as droughts, floods, and forest fires become more frequent (Zoellick 2009). Many African countries, which have their economies largely based on tolerate- sensitive artless production system like Nigeria, are particularly vulnerable to climate change (Dinar et al, 2008). This vulnerability has been demonstrated by the devastating effectuate of recent flooding i n the Niger- Delta region of the country and the various prolonged drought that are currently witnessed in some part of Northern region.According to Olanrewaju (2003), climatic change is any form of long term climatic inconsistency. The recent changes in the climate have been linked with the increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) on the zephyr in addition to anthropogenic activities and support emissions of other artificial chlorocarbons (Olanrewaju, 2003).Climate change is to a fault believed to result from the effect of global warming on the environment. worldwide warming is regarded by many slew to be the most serious environmental challenge of modern times (Giddens, 2006). Global warming refers to the gradual rise of the earths average temperature due to changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere it is believed to be caused in parts by humans, because the gases that have built up and altered the earths atmosphere are the ones produced in large quantities by human activ ities. Global warming means that many dry areas are going to get drier and wet areas are going to get wetter. Climate change in Nigeria is a ticking time bomb and it exists smallish or even nothing to mitigate its effects.(Nnimmo Bassey, Nigeria.) Peer-reviewed seek accepted by the Journal of Geography and Regional Planning concludes that Nigerias average temperature has risen by 1.7 degrees in the period 1901-2005. The increase has been higher in the semi-arid regions and lower in the coastal zone the rate of change has increased since the 1970s.The consequence for the Nigerian mass is a geographical pincer threat from desertification in the north and coastal erosion in the south. Through a combination of overgrazing, abuse of woodland for give the sack and increasingly unreliable rainfall, the Sahara is advancing at an estimated rate of 600 meters per annum, rising sea levels threaten Nigerias coastal regions the Niger Delta may be the address of oil wealth but its low-lying terrain crisis-crossed with waterways makes it extremely vulnerable to flooding and salinization i.e. the build-up of salts in soil eventually to toxic level for plant.Food security is the outcome of fodder system processes all along the forage chain climate change will affect food security through its impacts on all components of global, bailiwick and local anesthetic food system. The definition of food security as adopted at the World Food Summit (WFS) in November 1996 says that food security exists when all people at all times have physical or economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life ( FAO, 1996).One of the biggest threats is growing climate unpredictability, which makes subsistence farming difficult, the impact of the change will be difficult to handle and it will be potentially very long lasting,Droughts are getting worse and climate uncertainty is growing, Climate change is thus a n unprecedented threat to food security (Medugu, 2013). Arid and semi-arid areas in northern Nigeria are becoming drier, while the southern part of the country are getting wetter, as the weather gets hummer most of the aquatic life, the fish, tend to seek colder waters thereby emptying Nigerias vast waters of marine resources, and which by extension means Nigerias reliance on imported fish and other sea foods increases. Climate change often appears very esoteric but in Nigeria it is real, Currently there is an increasing incidence of disease, declining agricultural productivity, and rising incidences of heat waves (Stringer et al., 2009).The threat that climate change poses to agricultural production does not only cover the area of graze husbandry but also includes livestock and in fact the total agricultural sector. The impacts of climate change on agriculture can be categorize into biophysical and socioeconomic impact (Khanal, 2009). Climate can also affect the quantity and qua lity of feed stuffs such as pasture, forage, and grain and also the severity and scattering of livestock diseases and parasite (Niggol and Mendelsohn 2008). Climate change impacts the four key dimensions of food security, namely food availability, food stability, food accessibility, and food utilization.According to vision 2020 as declared by the government of late president Umar Musa Yardua in October 2009 stated that by 2020 Nigeria will have a large, strong, diversified, sustainable and competitive providence that effectively harness the talents and energies of its people and responsibly exploits its natural endowments to guarantee a high standard of living and quality of life to its citizens the declared aims of Nigerias national agricultural policy are firstly attain food security, secondly increase production and productivity, thirdly generate employment and income and fourthly expand exports and compress food imports thereby freeing resources for critical infrastructure de velopment and delivery of social services. To achieve this aims, the problem of climate change as to be curtailed so as to enhance future possibilities of economic development and growth which is the major goal of the country.1.2 Statement of the ProblemIn Nigeria, agriculture has tended to be the main source of food, and a major source of industrial raw material, as well as the means of earning foreign exchange. It employs close to 70% of the Nigerias population. Agricultural practice in the country is predominantly rain-fed and therefore particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and a study report by ( Harvard Business School) HBS in 2010 predicted that under a business as-usual scenario, Nigerias agricultural productivity could decline by between 10-25% by 2080, in certain parts a decline in rain-fed agriculture could be as high as 50%, exposure to extreme events makes subsistence and small scale farmers most vulnerable to climate change because of their limited ability to adapt.Therefore, Nigerias vulnerability will be in two waysThe resulting impacts of climate changeThe impact of response measures this is because Nigerias economy is highly myrmecophilous on income generated from the production, processing, export and consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products.As a result of the global climatic change, Nigeria has been affected greatly as there has been variations in the weather condition and also the frequent flooding that have led to the destruction of properties and also death of many Nigerians especially in the riverine area of the country.1.3 Research QuestionsThe question questions for the study are as follows1) What is the relationship between climate change and food security?2) What has been the effect of global climate change on food security in Nigeria?3) What is the impact of climate change on food security in Ogun State?Objectives of the StudyThe primary objective is to examine global climate change and how it affects food security in Ogun State, Nigeria. It can be achieved through the following.1) Explaining the relationship between climate change and food security2) Identifying and analysing the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.3) Illustrating the impact of climate change on food security in Ogun stateResearch HypothesesFor the purpose of this research some hypotheses are intended to be formulated and tested. The hypotheses are drawn from the objective research questions of the study. The hypotheses areHypothesis oneH0 global climate change does not have a great impact on food security in Ogun StateH1 global climate change has a great impact on food security in Ogun StateHypothesis twoH0 Adequate efforts have not been do to reduce the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.H1 Adequate efforts have been made to refuse the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.Significance of the StudyEvery rese arch work is a contribution to already existing knowledge. Therefore, as the world is dynamic and problems are a continuous part of mans existence and people will always continue to agitate for survival and as a result of this people will always be moved to investigate and factors responsible for such problems and then going beyond this to proffer solutions for this problems. In as much as global climate change remains prevalent in our country today and threatens the availability of food in the society, it is therefore pertinent to carry out this study so as to bring to the awareness and understanding of people the importance of a nigh(a) agricultural system and environmental consciousness.Scope of the StudyThe scope of the study is primarily on global climate change and its impact on food security in Nigeria especially in Ogun state. It will examine the causes and consequence of the phenomenon of climate change and how it has generously affected the availability of food in Ogun state.1.8 demarcation line of the StudyThe limitation to this study has been inaccessibility to info, time involvement in unplanned activities such as school meetings, seminars and so on.Methodology of the Study indirect sources of data shall be employed in this work and they include relevant books concerning the topic, newspaper, journal articles, magazines, encyclopaedias and the internet shall be made use of. Primary sources of data would also be used as the topic of study is a recent phenomenon and is still in occurrence on daily basis and so the effects would be studied by visits to the rural areas of Ogun states where agricultural practices are happening and also, primary tools would be employ as interviews would be conducted and questionnaires would be distributed.Sources of Data sightSecondary sources of data are employed in this work and they include relevant books concerning the topic, newspaper, journal articles, magazines, encyclopaedias and the internet shall be ma de use of. Primary sources of data would also be used as the topic of study is a recent phenomenon and is still in occurrence on daily basis.Sources of Data showThe effects of global climate change are studied by frequent visits to the rural areas of Ogun states where agricultural practices are happening and also, primary tools would are applied as interviews would be conducted and questionnaires would be distributed.Interviews are conducted with the commissioner of agriculture in Ogun State Mrs Ronke Shokefun and the commissioner of environment Dr Lanre Tejuoso.Techniques of Data AnalysisDescriptive form of data analytic thinking is employed in this project work as am going to be describing phenomenon that is in existence. Descriptive method of data analysis describes systematically the fact, qualities, characteristics of a disposed(p) population, event or area of interest as factually and accurately as possible to proffer answers to questions asked by the problem of study. This study describes the events of global climate change and how it has taken a prominent position in affecting food security.Outline Of StudyThis research is made up of five chapters and for each one chapter analyses the followingChapter one focuses on the introductory formulation of the research work which discusses the following background of study, statement of problem, research questions, significance of study, scope and limitation of study, objectives of the study, research methodology and so on.Chapter two attempts a literature review and discusses the theoretical framework. In this chapter we will be analysing previous arguments that have been laid out by scholars in the field of this study and so be using a thematic structure to help further our understanding of the phenomenon of this study. The literature review aspect of this chapter helps the researcher to relate with the scholarly works and writings in the field of study while the theoretic framework helps the researcher base his research on a specific theory that is in line and helps to further explain his research.Chapter three is an overview of global climate change and its effect on food and food security that is the major changes that have been experienced since the inception of climate change in Nigeria especially in Ogun State. Also, how it has disrupted the production and distribution of food in the society focusing mainly on the effects of global climate change and food security in Ogun state,Chapter four focuses on the analyses of data collect and thorough explanation of the results gotten from the statistical data.Chapter five attempts summary of the study and makes recommendation, it also concludes the work.REFERENCESAnsel, E. Taofeeq A. (2010).Challenges of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Nigeria a Synthesis from the publications , Field Actions Science Reports Online, Vol. 4, 2010, retrieved on 17 December 2012 from http//factsreports.revues.org/678/volume 4.Apata, T.G. (2011) Effect of global climate change on Nigerian agriculture An empirical analysis CBN journal of applied statistics, volume 2 number1 pp.31-45.Ayinde, O. Muchie, M. Olatunji, G. (2011). Effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Nigeria A Co- integration Model access code Journal of Human Ecology volume 35 number 3, pp.189- 194.Medugu, N. (2012) Nigeria and Global Climate Change issues as retrieved on the 28th of August 2013, from the website http//environmentalsynergy.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/nigeria-and-global-climate-change-issues/Odjugo, A.O. (2011) Climate change and global warming the Nigerian perspective journal of sustainable development and environmental protection, volume 1 number 1 pp.6- 17.Odjugo, A.O. (2010). Regional Evidence Of climate change in Nigeria journal of geography and regional planning volume 3 number 6, pp.142-150.Oyinbo, O, Rekwot, G.Z, Ugbagbe, O.O (2013). Socio- Economic Implications Of Climate Change On Food Security And Livelihood in Nigeria A Desk Review. Department of Agricultural and Economics and Rural Sociology Faculty Of Agriculture/ Institute For Agricultural Research. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Yusuf, N. (2012) Climate change, social transition and Nigerias economic development journal of international NGO volume7, number 2, pp.35-38.Climate Change Challenge For Nigerias Food Security retrieved form http//bivnze.wordpress.com/2010/11/11/climate-change-challenge-for-nigerias-food-securityNational Planning Commission, Nigerias vision 20 2020, October 2009.National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Global Climate Change Vital signs of the planet, July 2013.1

Pure Competition Essay -- essays research papers

There are many industries. Economist group them into four market models 1) pure competition which involves a precise large number of staunchs producing a standardized producer. New firms may enter very easily. 2) Pure monopoly is a market structure in which bingle firm is the sole seller a product or service like a local electric company. Entry of additional firms is blocked so that one firm is the industry. 3)Monopolistic competition is characterized by a relatively large number of sellers producing differentiated product. 4)Oligopoly involves only a few sellers this fewness means that each firm is abnormal by the decisions of rival and must take these decisions into account in determining its own price and output. Pure competition assumes that firms and resources are mobile among different kinds of industries. No single firm can influence market price in a competitive industry therefore a firms submit curve is perfectly elastic and price equals marginal revenue. Short- break away profit maximization by a competitive firm can be examine by comparing total revenue and total cost or applying marginal analysis. A firm maximizes its short-run profit by producing that output at which total revenue exceeds total cost by the greatest amount.A complete firm maximizes profit or minimizes loss in the short run by producing that output at which price or marginal revenue equals marginal cost, provided price exceeds minimum average v...

Dying To Be Beautiful :: essays research papers

end to be BeautifulBeautiful or else --a message often presented in society, is often detrimental to the American public. The desire to be bewitching has received more attention by blinding the public with images of the beautiful people. The extent of the message the media portrays to our society is more offensive than beneficial to the average person. The images name the common person as unattractive which causes umpteen to alter their figure to fall upon the medias vision of beauty. Unfortunately, these unrealistic pictures broadly speaking affect self-conscious adolescents who be surrounded by images of what the media considers beautiful. Each day, adolescents are exposed to magazines with models who appear extremely emaciated along with men and women who have a perfect, muscular physique. These Calista Flockhart- and Arnold Schwarzenegger-like clones are not representatives of normal, everyday people, so they should not be considered images of beauty. However, many young adults look up to these fake role models and imitate their appearance. payable to the impact that celebrities have on individuals from the younger generations, people now find themselves bombarded by young Brittany Spears wannabes wearing tiny mini skirts and naval-bearing shirts. S counterbalanceteen magazine even has a ludicrous sectionalisation on how to look like a favorite celebrity it includes ideas as to what clothes to wear and what kind of makeup should be used. The medias influence is operate by the spending power of the younger generation and has purposefully created a superficial generation. Many teenagers and adults have gone to extremes to attain the best, often deadly, appearance possible. Millions of direct people, including celebrities, have died due to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa they are willing to risk their job, or their life to attain the image the media expects. In 1983, Karen Carpenter, the promising lead singer of The Carpenters, died of live liness failure due to anorexia nervosa, which can be attributed to the pressure she received from the media. Unfortunately, Karen Carpenters story is not uncommon many teenagers starve themselves due to self-image problems brought on by the media. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are just two reasons why the images the media portrays is disastrous to the American public.Likewise, to gain the Arnold Schwarzenegger image, the use of steroids has also change magnitude among young adults resulting in wellness problems. Using steroids is a deadly risk since it can cause serious nerve and hormonal damage and affects the users ability to control his temper.Dying To Be Beautiful essays research papers Dying to be BeautifulBeautiful or else --a message often presented in society, is often detrimental to the American public. The desire to be beautiful has received more attention by blinding the public with images of the beautiful people. The extent of the message the media portrays to our society is more harmful than beneficial to the average person. The images depict the common person as unattractive which causes many to alter their figure to attain the medias vision of beauty. Unfortunately, these unrealistic pictures mostly affect self-conscious adolescents who are surrounded by images of what the media considers beautiful. Each day, adolescents are exposed to magazines with models who appear extremely emaciated along with men and women who have a perfect, muscular physique. These Calista Flockhart- and Arnold Schwarzenegger-like clones are not representatives of normal, everyday people, so they should not be considered images of beauty. However, many young adults look up to these fake role models and imitate their appearance. Due to the impact that celebrities have on individuals from the younger generations, people now find themselves bombarded by young Brittany Spears wannabes wearing tiny mini skirts and naval-bearing shirts. Seventeen magazine even has a ludicrous section on how to look like a favorite celebrity it includes ideas as to what clothes to wear and what kind of makeup should be used. The medias influence is driven by the spending power of the younger generation and has purposefully created a superficial generation. Many teenagers and adults have gone to extremes to attain the best, often deadly, appearance possible. Millions of misguided people, including celebrities, have died due to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa they are willing to risk their job, or their life to attain the image the media expects. In 1983, Karen Carpenter, the promising lead singer of The Carpenters, died of heart failure due to anorexia nervosa, which can be attributed to the pressure she received from the media. Unfortunately, Karen Carpenters story is not uncommon many teenagers starve themselves due to self-image problems brought on by the media. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are just two reasons why the images the media portrays i s disastrous to the American public.Likewise, to gain the Arnold Schwarzenegger image, the use of steroids has also increased among young adults resulting in health problems. Using steroids is a deadly risk since it can cause serious nerve and hormonal damage and affects the users ability to control his temper.